American Foreign Policy 1890-1914

1. American Foreign Policy 1890-1914 Becoming a World Power

2. Isolationism • The separation from the political affairs of other countries George Washington’s Farewell Address -“Entangling Alliances” Monroe Doctrine -”corrupting influence” of Europe James Monroe, 1823

3. Imperialism • The policy of establishing colonies and building empires • Social • Economic • Political

4. Motivations • Raw Materials • Economic Interests • Trade Markets • Rivalries • Power “the most powerful factor in the current politics of the Western World” -J.A. Dobson, British economist

5. Imperialist Mentality • Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History: He argued national greatness and prosperity flowed from sea power. Modern economic development called for a powerful navy, strong merchant marine, foreign commerce, naval bases and colonies • Josiah Strong Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis: Asserted that “Anglo-Saxons” were divinely commissioned to be “his brother’s keeper” • John Fiske American Political Ideas: Stressed the superior character of “Anglo-Saxons” Believed the English were destined to dominate the globe in the institutions, traditions, language of the world’s people. Social Darwinism

6. The Hawaiian Pear 1875 – Hawaii signs a reciprocal trade agreement with the US which allows sugar to enter the country duty free. 1887 – The agreement is amended and the US gains exclusive rights to fortify a naval base at Pearl Harbor This leads to a boom in sugar growing, and American settlers begin to dominate the economy. In 1887 Americans force Hawaii’s king to grant a constitutional government, which they controlled

7. Is the Hawaiian Pear Ripe for Picking? 1891 – Queen Liliuokalani comes to power. She commences to restore control of the islands to the Hawaiian people. 1893 - Amid an economic crisis and discontent, American business leaders, with the help of marines, take control of the government. President Harrison legislation annexing Hawaii weeks before leaving office. Democrats blocked its ratification and President Grover Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii. Instead he sends a commission to investigate. In 1898 McKinley annexes Hawaii when Japanese warships set sail to Hawaii. The Hawaiian Pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for America to pluck it -American Minister to Hawaii

8. Cuba Libre In 1895 insurrection breaks out in Cuba and American sentiment lies with the Cuban rebels. America had long been a trading partner with Cuba and was sympathetic to the rebels. • Governor General Weyler Brutally suppressed Cuban Independence movements – “Reconcentrado” • Teller Amendment – US pledged to grant Cubans their independence • President McKinley demanded that Spain evacuate the island • $50 Million in American capital was invested in Cuba sugar and mining industries • April 25, 1898, the US declared war

9. Yellow Journalism Exaggerated and often times fabricated stories that served to fan public anger towards the Spanish while neglecting to report of Cuban atrocities against the Spanish. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst both made use of yellow journalism

10. Joseph Pulitzer – New York World • Hungarian Immigrant • Civil War veteran • Recipe for success *sensationalism and controversy • Both Pulitzer and Hearst used the lurid events in Cuba to increase circulation!

11. William Randolph Hearst • “Remember the Maine” • He cables Frederic Remington and proclaims “You supply the pictures and I’ll supply the war!”

12. Patriotic Fervor

13. “Splendid Little War” • 113 day war • 5,000 deaths – most from disease and food poisoning • 400 combat deaths

14. Becoming a Colonial Power • Treaty of Paris • Spain to receive $20 million • US would withdraw from Cuba within 3 years • US gained control of • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines The Filipinos were not represented at the negotiations table!

15. Platt Amendment Enacted in 1901 to protect American interests • Cuba could not make any treaties that weakened its independence • Established US naval stations • Cuba could not incur debt • US had a right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protect its independence and keep order. Insular Cases – Do the citizens of colonies have the same rights as US citizens?

16. Little Brown Brothers

17. Bolo War • Emilio Aguinaldo • leader of the Filipino insurgents • Filipino insurrection lasted until 1902 when Emilio was captured • 3 years • 126,000 troops • 5,000 deaths! • 600,000 Filipino deaths! • Guerilla warfare Filipinos are not granted their independence until July 4th, 1946.

18. Benevolent Assimilation • 1901 – President Roosevelt William Howard Taft as civilian governor. • Taft initiates self government programs • Public schools were established • US bought out large land owners and established laws to keep land out of the hands of Filipinos

19. The White Man’s Burden Anti-Imperialism William Jennings Bryan – presidential candidate 1900 Rudyard Kipling – “White Man’s Burden” Anti-Imperialist League Mark Twain Samuel Gompers Andrew Carnegie

20. That Damn Cowboy Becomes President • Assassination of William McKinley in 1901 by a deranged anarchist • Theodore Roosevelt becomes president Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick!

21. Path Between the Seas • TR wanted a canal built to increase the mobility of the Navy • Two Possible Canal Routes: Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Panama • After initiating a Panamanian revolt from Colombia, the US agrees to build a canal there – “Cowboy Diplomacy” • US paid a $25 million indemnity to Colombia • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty – US paid $40 million dollars for 10 mile wide canal zone

22. Panama Canal • Begun in 1904 and completed in 1914 • Engineer William Goethals – labor troubles, landslides, sanitation • Colonel William Gorgas eliminated yellow fever by draining swamps, covering standing water and spraying Panama Canal

23. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Based on the notion of “preventative intervention” • Allowed US to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations to prevent European nations from intervening • “We shall intervene to prevent you from intervening” • Policeman of the Caribbean • “Bad Neighbor Policy”

24. Policeman of the Caribbean Cuba – 1906 Dominican Republic – 1905

25. TR on the World Stage • Treaty of Portsmouth – 1905 • Algeciras, Spain – 1906 • TR won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

26. Dollar Diplomacy President William Howard Taft –1908-1912 • Encouraged American enterprises abroad to promote US trade. He believed private investments in China and Latin American would 1.) provide greater stability in those regions and 2.) would promote US business interests • China and Manchuria • Nicaragua

27. Moral Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson * Promised a moral approach to foreign affairs. * Wilson and Secrtary of State, William Jennings Bryan hoped the US would respect the rights of other nations and would support the spread of democracy * Was opposed to Imperialism * observed a 1 year cooling off period before taking military action

28. Righting Wrongs • The Philippines Jones Act 1916 a.) full territorial rights b.) universal suffrage c.) promised full independence • Puerto Rico Act of Congress 1917 provided US citizenship and limited self government • The Panama Canal Wilson persuaded Congress to repeal an act that had granted US ships an exemption from the standard canal toll

29. Wilson’s Blind Spot Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary, hoping to destabilize the Carranza government, led a raid into New Mexico in 1914. Wilson sent General “Black Jack” Pershing into Mexico to pursue Villa. Nicaragua – 1911 Haiti – 1914 Cuba – 1917 Dominican Republic - 1916 Guns of August – Further conflict with Mexico is avoided as US attention turns to Europe and the outbreak of WWI

30. The War to End All Wars