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APAH REVIEW PART I

APAH REVIEW PART I. Paleolithic Sculpture. Woman of Willendorf 28,000 BCE Served as fertility image (?). No facial features Ball-like, abstract shapes Emphasis= reproduction parts of female body. Paleolithic Painting. Lascaux Hall of Bulls C.13,000 BCE Naturalistic, well observed

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APAH REVIEW PART I

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  1. APAH REVIEWPART I

  2. Paleolithic Sculpture • Woman of Willendorf • 28,000 BCE • Served as fertility image (?). • No facial features • Ball-like, abstract shapes • Emphasis= reproduction parts of female body

  3. Paleolithic Painting • Lascaux Hall of Bulls • C.13,000 BCE • Naturalistic, well observed • Animals placed randomly • Natural groundline • Deep recesses of caves • Spiritual (?)

  4. Neolithic • Landscape with Volcanic Eruption • 6150 BCE • World’s 1st landscape, real place • 1st depiction of place devoid of both humans & animals • 1st painting on manmade wall

  5. Neolithic Structure • Stonehenge • c2,000 BCE • Salisbury Plain, England • Post and lintel • Megaliths • Cosmic calendar? • Harvest rituals? • Religious? • Summer solstice • heelstone

  6. Old Kingdom Egypt • Khafre • 2520-2494 BCE • Diorite • Rigid, Canon of Proportions • Flawless, ideal body • Bilaterally Symmetrical • Houses the “Ka” • Iconography-Unified Egy • Falcon= Horus

  7. New Kingdom Egypt • Akhenaton • 1353-1335 BCE • AMARNA period • Moved capital • Elongated face, full lips, and curves • Crook and flail • Departs from Canon of • Proportions (grid)

  8. Sumerian • Votive Figures • Tell Asmar site • c2600 BCE • Limestone figures • Surrogate figures • Placed in temple shrine • Conical forms

  9. Assyrian • Lamassu • 720 BCE • High relief, textures • Characteristics • 5 legs=conceptual • Human head, beard • Bull body w/ wings

  10. Persian • Ambassadors Processional frieze • Persepolis, Iran, c500 BCE • At audience hall of Darius & Xerxes • Reliefs on staircases, representatives of 23 subject nations bringing gifts • Subtly modeled surfaces • Drapery echoes Archaic Greek sculpture

  11. Minoan • Bull Leaping fresco • 1450-1400 BCE • Bull is elongated, movement • Women have fair skin, Man has dark skin • Narrative, probably religious ritual

  12. Cycladic • Figurine of a Woman • 2500-2300 BCE • Characteristics • Abstract, flat • Triangles dominate • Emphasis on breasts • Incised lines • Fertility goddess (?)

  13. Mycenaean • Lion Gate • 1300-1250 BCE • Characteristics • Capped with a huge lintel • Above lintel is corbelled arch • Relieving triangle

  14. Archaic Greek Sculpture • Kouros • 600 BCE • Commemorative • Life-size, nude, young men are kouroi and life-size, clothed, young women are korai • Emulates the stance of Egyptian statues • Left foot advanced • Nude  Perfect body

  15. Archaic Greek Architecture • Temple of Hera I • 550 BCE • Characteristics • Doric Temple • Peripteral, Colonnade • Columns= entasis

  16. Classical Greek Sculpture • Doryphoros, Spear Bearer by Polykleitos • 450 BCE • Greece’s Golden Age • Contrapposto • “The Canon”= set standards for ideal • Perfect, harmonious ratios

  17. Classical Greek Architecture • Parthenon • 447-438 BCE • Numerous optical refinements – • ded. to Athena Parthenos • Perfect, harmonious proportions in Doric temple design • Golden ratio throughout plan • Doric columns ext, interior Ionic frieze

  18. Hellenistic Greek Sculpture • Seated Boxer • 100-50 BCE • Heavily Battered, defeated veteran • Nose broken, teeth missing • Appealed to the emotions • Realism

  19. Etruscan • Etruscan Couple Sarcophagus • c500 BCE • Terracotta • Happy memorial • Portrait coffin • m/f interaction • Smooth, stylized bodies

  20. Roman Sculpture • Augustus of Primaporta • 1st century CE • Emperor as general • Based on Spear Bearer • Portrait head • Chestplate=victory over Parthians • Cupid= proclaims his divine descent

  21. Roman Architecture • Pantheon • 120 CE • Temple of all the gods • Uninterrupted interior space • Concrete dome • Oculus

  22. Early Christian Mosaic • Good Shepherd • c 425 CE • Christ with flock • Lunette over door • Some classical elements • Illusionistic shading • Stylized landscape • Stars of Heaven • Halo, gold, purple

  23. Byzantine Architecture • Hagia Sophia • 535 CE • Characteristics • Mystical Quality of light floods interior • Central plan w/ • Longitudinal axis • Pendentives for the dome

  24. Byzantine Mosaic • Justinian and Attendants • 550 CE, San Vitale, Ravenna • Church + State • Propaganda • Emperor at altar Christlike • Tesserae gold shimmering • Chi Rho on shield • Soldiers left • Priests right

  25. Byzantine Painting • Virgin (Theotokos) and Child • C. 1200 CE • Virgin of Compassion • Mary style=long nose long fingers, small mouth • Use of gold back • Gold rays in Christ child’s robes • Placed before altars

  26. Hiberno-Saxon • Chi-Rho-Iota page • Book of Kells, c. 900 • Manuscript illumination • Initial letters of Jesus in Greek= XPI • Gospel of Matthew • Holy words into intricate abstract designs • Recalls Celtic metalwork • Angel, human, animal figs

  27. Carolingian • Saint Matthew, Folio 15 • 800 CE • Charlemagne’s Gospel Book • Illusionistic brushwork • Color and modulation of light and shade to create shapes • Roman, classical style and motifs, e.g. toga

  28. Ottonian • Gero Crucifix • c. 970 • Monumental suffering • Statue and reliquary • Much more dramatic • than earlier depictions • of crucifixion • Distended body, blood streaks

  29. Romanesque Architecture • St.- Sernin, Toulouse • c 1100 CE • Pilgrimage Church • Cruciform plan • Simple ratio geom • Ambulatory • Transept

  30. Romanesque Sculpture • Last Judgment • Tympanum by Gislebertus • c1130 • Autun Cathedral • Christ as judge • Christ in mandorla • Souls weighed, Christ’s lft • Saved souls=Christ’s rght

  31. Gothic Architecture • Chartres Cathedral • c 1150 CE • Stained glass oculi • Lux nova • Flying buttresses • Ribbed groin vaulting • Spires, verticality • Heaven on Earth

  32. Gothic Sculpture • Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory Jamb statues • Chartres Cathedral, c1230 • Attached to columns but break rigid vertical lines • Drapery falls softly • Distinctive personality revealed in faces

  33. Gothic Painting • God As Architect • C.1230 • God creates heaven, earth, sun, moon, & all elements • Architect of the world with compass • Ink, tempera, gold leaf

  34. Ancient Japan • Haniwa figure • c 500 • Cylindrical • Low-fired clay • Placed on graves for protection

  35. Ancient Japanese Painting • Tale of the Genji, c.1125 • Handscroll - Story of love+intrigue • Upturned ground, strong diag • Elevated viewpoint omits roofs & ceilings • Flat fields of color

  36. Ancient China • Travelers Among • Mountains and Streams • By Fan Kuan • c. 1000 CE • Hanging scroll, ink on silk • Precise detail • Smallness of man in nature • Perspective reads vertically

  37. Islam • Dome of the Rock,687-692 • 1st great achievement of Islamic architecture • Use of calligraphy on tiles • Site is sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians • Domed octagon, interior= rich mosaic ornament

  38. Ancient North America • Incised Shell Gorget • 1250-1300 CE • Characteristics • Running Warrior • Composite profile • Elaborate headdress • Gifts to the dead

  39. Ancient Mesoamerica • Colossal Olmec Head • 900-400 BCE • Mexico • Basalt, 10’ h. • Ruler portraits • Probably not deities • Intensity of expression

  40. Ancient Africa • Nok Head • 500 BCE • Nigeria • Terracotta • Flaring nostrils & alert yes are unique to Nok art • Expressive face • African context= ritual

  41. Ancient India • Shiva as Nataraja • 1000 CE • Nataraja=Lord of the Dance • Portable image • Dwarf under feet= ignorance • Nimbus-circle-of fire • Drum=universal heartbeat • Lively w/ central axis

  42. Early Renaissance Sculpture • Saint Mark by Donatello • 1411-1413 • Contrappasto • 1st with voluminous drapery • Stirring limbs • Holds Gospel book

  43. Early Renaissance Painting • Tribute Money by Massacio • 1427 fresco • Characteristics • Continuous Narrative Light coming from a specific source • 3-D modeling, shading Vanishing Point • Linear, Aerial Perspective Contrapposto Roman figure

  44. EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE • Foundling Hospital • Filippo Brunelleschi • c.1425, Florence, Italy • Homage to Antiquity • Roman motifs • Math= basis for design • Perfect geometry • Loggia • Medallions by della Robbia

  45. High Renaissance Sculpture • David by Michelangelo • 1501-1504 • Formal references to classical antiquity • Compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence • Head turned to show pent up energy • contrapposto

  46. High Renaissance Painting • School of Athens by Raphael, 1510 • Fresco, Vatican, Rome • Imaginary gathering of philosophers, scientists • Summarizes ideals of HR • References to Antiquity • Aristotle & Plato at vanishing point, linear perspective

  47. High Renaissance Architecture • Capitoline Hill by Michelangelo • 1537 • Organized units symmetrically around a central/ unique axis • Architecture as human body for Michelangelo • Trapezoid plane • Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

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