Latin II Review (part I)

1. Latin II Review (part I) Cambridge Unit I & II Fall 2012 Magistra Chadwell

2. Nouns • Nouns are separated into declensions. • A declension is a group of nouns w/the same endings. • Nouns have case, number and gender • Case indicates the nouns function. • Number refers to singular or plural. • Gender often has no bearing on the noun. • The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the important information: puella, puellae, f. girl

3. Nouns (con’t) • The second word is the genitive singular form. This gives you the stem and declension • 1st declension: ancilla, ancillae (ancill—) • 2nd declension: ager, agrī(agr—) • 3rd declension: mater, matris (matr—) • 4th declension: portus, portūs (port—) • 5th declension: rēs, reī (r—) • Let’s look at the orange graphic organizer

4. Nouns (con’t) • Nominative Case—used for the subject and predicate • Materest in tablino. • Coquusestiratus. • Genitive Case—used for possession (of, ‘s, s’) • Quīntuscanempuerīvīdit. • Dative Case—used for indirect object (to/for) and with intransitive verbs • Mater puellaelibrum dat. • Mihiplacet. (mihi licet….?)

5. Nouns (con’t) • Accusative—used for the direct object and some prepositions (ad, in, per, prope, apud) • Mater puellaelibrum dat. • Ablative—used for prepositions (a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub). If no preposition is present, may be translated with from, with, by, in, on (as needed) • Grumiōcum servīslaborābat.

6. Identify the case and number • canibus (3rd) • agrī (2nd) • iter (3rd) • vōce (3rd) • rērum (5th) • manūs (4th) • puellīs (1st) • templa (2nd)

7. Nouns and Adjectives • Adjectives fall into two categories. • 1st/2nd declension: laetus, laeta, laetum pulcher, pulchra,pulchrum • 3rd declension: fortis, fortis, forte • Nouns and adjectives must agree in case, # and gender. • That does not mean that they will have the same endings.

8. Noun and Adjectives • bonus servus same declension, nom, s, m • bona mater diff. declension, nom s, f. • fortis mater same decl., diff. endings • bonōrumcanum diff. declension, gen, m, pl • bonārumcanum diff. declension, gen, f, pl • brevī tempore neuter, abl sing, same decl In most instances, if noun and adj are same declension, then endings are the same. There are a few exceptions, mainly in 3rd declension.

9. Verbs • Verbs are broken down into conjugations based on their infinitive • Verbs have 5 characteristics • Person (perspective of the subject) • Number (singular or plural) • Tense (time frame of the action) • Voice (later this year) • Mood (later this year) • You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present, imperfect and perfect)

10. Verbs (con’t) • Present tense is used for an action happening now. • Can be translated 3 different ways. • Laborat works, is working, does work • Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or incomplete past action • Can be translated several ways and recognized by –ba. • Laborabat was working, used to work, began to work

11. Verbs (con’t) • Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past action. • Has its own set of endings • Uses a different stem from present and imperfect (-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra syllable, sometimes no change) • Can be translate three different ways • Laboravit worked, did work, has worked • You did learn an important irregular verb (sum)

12. Miscellaneous Information • Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the) • Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos

13. Miscellaneous Information • Question words • -ne (added to first word) • num (expects a no answer) • quid, quis, cur, ubi • Comparative and Superlative adjectives • Laetus, laetior, laetissium happy, happier, happiest • Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimuspretty, prettier, very pretty