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Defense Systems of the Lung

Defense Systems of the Lung. Lectures on respiratory physiology. Atmospheric Pollutants. Carbon monoxide Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Particulates Photochemical oxidants. Types and sources of pollutants. Perfect Lung. Photochemical Oxidants. hydrocarbons.

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Defense Systems of the Lung

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  1. Defense Systems of the Lung Lectures on respiratory physiology

  2. Atmospheric Pollutants • Carbon monoxide • Sulfur oxides • Nitrogen oxides • Hydrocarbons • Particulates • Photochemical oxidants

  3. Types and sources of pollutants Perfect Lung

  4. Photochemical Oxidants hydrocarbons ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate, sunlight nitrogen oxides aldehydes, acrolein, etc.

  5. Perfect Lung Examples of smog

  6. Insidious effects of tobacco advertising Effects of cigarette smoke Carbon monoxide causes up to 10% hemoglobin “Tars” cause bronchial carcinoma Smoking causes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial carcinoma and coronary heart disease

  7. Cancer death rates (male) from 1930 to 2004

  8. Effect of single cigarette on airways

  9. Behavior of Aerosols in the Lung • Deposition • Clearance

  10. Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol Perfect Lung

  11. Sites of aerosol deposition Perfect Lung

  12. Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol Perfect Lung

  13. Accumulation of dust in a coal-miner’s lung

  14. Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol Perfect Lung

  15. Clearance of Deposited Particles • Mucociliary system • Alveolar macrophages

  16. Clearance of deposited particles

  17. Mucociliary escalator

  18. Airway wall showing a mucous gland

  19. Normal airway (above); Enlarged mucous glands (below)

  20. Goblet Cell

  21. Mucociliary escalator

  22. Gel layer of the mucus above the sol layer

  23. Cilia just touching the gel layer

  24. Ciliary action

  25. Structure of microtubule; diagram (left), EM (right)

  26. Impairment of Normal Mucociliary Function • Mucus: too much, or change in composition, e.g. chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, asthma • Cilia: paralysis by toxic gases • bronchial epithelium destroyed • congenital defect of ciliary motion

  27. Alveolar Macrophage

  28. Alveolar macrophage in the corner of an alveolus

  29. Impairment of Normal Macrophage Function • Inhaled gases such as ozone, cigarette smoke • Toxic particles such as silica • Alveolar hypoxia, radiation, corticosteroids, alcohol ingestion

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