OGT Social Studies Prep Class

1. OGT Social Studies Prep Class Session 2

2. Why it’s important: • Scientific & technological changes encouraged industrialization in the textile industry in Britain. • Population growth, migration to growing cities and emigration from Europe were all results of the Industrial Revolution. • The Industrial Revolution changed living and working conditions for the early industrial working class, especially for women & children. • The social, political, & economic effects of industrialization were felt around the world. History Review – Industrial Revolution/ Industrialization

3. James Watt – English – Steam Engine – fueled by wood and coal to heat water and produce steam – powered parts of machinery. • Used to lift coal out of mines; similar process developed to make stronger iron. • Inventors used steam and iron for innovations like the railroad engine and steamship. Industrial Revolution

4. Europe EXPLODED with mechanical inventions. • Machines could now perform the tasks that had once been done in home or in small workshops. • Textile industry (Making cloth and clothing) was the first major industry affected. • People who used to spin yarn at home were soon out of work. • Many young girls worked in steam powered spinning factories. Industrial Revolution

5. Cities Grew and Factory Life was born! • Urbanization – Moving from farms to cities to find work • Relationship between boss and worker became less personal. • Working conditions were harsh. • Unions formed and fought for the rights of workers. Industrial Revolution

6. Spread of Industrialization • Started in England • By 1830s, Belgium, France, Germany, & Spain were experiencing growth of industrialization. • After 1850, change became more dramatic. • New industrial society began to influence every aspect of life. • Urbanization & improved means of transportation & communication transformed the ways in which people lived & worked. Industrial Revolution

7. By 1914, Industrialization had spread to much of the rest of the world. • India, Japan, China – Steel industries (due to transcontinental railroads) • Berlin-Baghdad RR expanded German economy through trade with the Ottoman Empire. • Trans-Siberian RR – Completed in 1916 – Ran from Moscow to Vladivostok – longest rail line in the world. • Canals opened and encouraged spread of Industrialization – Suez Canal – Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea – 1869; Panama Canal – Atlantic & Pacific through Central America – 1914. Industrialization

8. In the U.S.– Why it’s important: • Industrialization in the US changed the work place, modernized agriculture, made cities central to American life, and helped for a middle-class culture. • Corporate, industrialized America grew thanks to laissez-faire (hands off) government policies, which also helped create monopolies, a small class of SUPER-wealthy, and a large, struggling working class. Industrialization

9. Effects of Industrialization • Technological innovation changed how the nation produced and distributed goods. • Country moved from an agricultural economy towards an industrial one. • New machines produced goods faster than making them by hand. • Mass production & Moving Assembly Line • Speed of production increased; Lowered costs of production; Businesses could lower prices; More could buy products. Industrialization

10. As businesses grew, so did cities. • Rural families left farm and immigrants came to America – went to work in factories in the cities. • Growth created problems brought about with rapid population growth. • Cities were usually dirty – people living closely together • Coal to heat homes – air pollution • Horse drawn carriages – manure in streets • Poor sanitation (coupled with large #s of people living close together) – diseases (cholera & yellow fever) – killed 1000s. Industrialization

11. Industrialized America created a small body of very wealthy people and a large group of struggling working people… • Between the 2 extremes emerged a middle class of doctors, lawyers, merchants, clerks, skilled workers, and artisans. • More Americans started to enjoy a higher standard of living. • Spent money on wide variety of consumer goods and services • Catalog shopping, sports, Vaudeville, opera, department stores Emerging Middle Class

12. Industrialization created a large workforce and more complex jobs using the newest of machines. • Working conditions were often dangerous. • Wages were generally low. • Workers band together and formed unions to fight for better working conditions, shorter working days, and better wages. • Organizations like the AFL, Knights of Labor, and the ILGWU formed. Rise & Growth of Labor Organizations

13. Many problems existed with the growth of cities: Overcrowding, need for sanitation services, harsh working conditions & low pay, discrimination/racism toward immigrants & African-Americans, political bosses, bad trusts/monopolies, use of child labor. • PROGRESSIVES – forward thinking individuals who believed that the ills of society could be solved and that the government should act in the people’s best interest. Reform Movement: The Progressive Era

14. In RURAL America, groups like The Grange and The Populists started pushing for reforms that would benefit farmers and other workers. • Settlement Houses (Hull House – Jane Addams) and Public Education became a cause that Progressives pushed for. Reform Movement: The Progressives

15. Teddy Roosevelt • William H. Taft • Woodrow Wilson Progressive Presidents

16. Practice Smarter, Not Harder • Take the practice test • Take it at least 2 times: • 1st time: No time constraints; Use other resources to help you answer questions. • 2nd time: Give yourself a time limit of 2 hours and take the test with no helpers. Test Taking Tips

17. Practice Smarter, Not Harder • Use the Ohio Department of Education website to gain access to practice tests, answer documents, answer keys, and samples done and graded. • There is a link to this site on Ms. E’s webpage under OGT Social Studies Prep. Test Taking Tips

18. Prepare – Don’t Procrastinate • Take practice tests. • Brush up on your social studies knowledge – Buckle Down Workbooks are a great tool! • Get rest before the test! • Eat breakfast before the test! • Bring mints and bottled water. • Steer clear of DRAMA! : ) Test Taking Tips

19. Carefully follow ALL the test registration procedures. • Know the test directions, duration, topics, question types, how many questions. • Setup a flexible study schedule at least 3-4 weeks before test day. • Study during the time of day you are MOST ALERT, relaxed, and stress free. • Maximize your learning style; visual learner use visual study aids, auditory learner use auditory study aids. Top 20 Test Taking Tips (1-5)

20. Focus on your weakest knowledge base. • Find a study partner to review with and help clarify questions. • PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE! • Get a good night’s sleep; don’t try to cram the night before the test. • Eat a well-balanced meal. Top 20 Test Taking Tips (6-10)

21. Know the exact physical location of the testing site. Visualize yourself sitting there in a calm, prepared state. • Bring a set of ear plugs (if you need to block out outside noises). It should be very quiet in the building, but you can do this if you think you need to. • Wear comfortable, loose fitting, layered clothing to the test center; prepare for it to be either hot or cold during the test. • Bring at least 2 current forms of ID. (This is not necessary for the OGT taken here in school… If you’re taking an ACT or SAT, this tip would apply.) • Arrive early; Be prepared to wait and be patient; Breathe deeply… Remain calm. Think positively! You’ve prepared and you ARE READY!!! Top 20 Test Taking Tips (11-15)

22. Eliminate the obviously wrong answer choices; then guess the first remaining choice… Remember the $5.00 test. • Pace yourself; Don’t rush, but keep working and move on if you get stuck. • Maintain a positive mental attitude – even if things seem bleak! • Keep your first answer unless you are POSITIVE it is wrong. • Check your work, don’t make careless mistakes… Don’t leave blanks on the OGT. Top 20 Test Taking Tips (16-20)