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Tissues

Tissues. Definitions. Tissues are groups of cells that have the same structure and functions. The study of tissues is called HISTOLOGY Histos : tissue; ology : field of study . Classification of tissues. Epithelial Simple (one layer) Squamous Cuboidal Cilindrical

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues

  2. Definitions • Tissues are groups of cells that have the same structure and functions. • The study of tissues is called HISTOLOGY • Histos: tissue; ology: field of study

  3. Classification of tissues • Epithelial • Simple (one layer) • Squamous • Cuboidal • Cilindrical • With microvilli or “brush border”. • Cilia • Pseudostratified • Stratified (several layers) • Squamous • Cuboidal • Cilindrical • Transition

  4. Classification of Tissues • Connective • Proper • Mesenchyme • Loose connective • Areolar • Reticular • Adipose • Dense connective tissue • Dense regular • Dense irregular • Cartilage • Hyaline • Elastic • Fibrocartilage • Oseous • Blood

  5. Classification of Tissues • Muscular • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle • Nervous tissue

  6. Epithelial tissue • Characteristics • Polarity: posses apical surface and basal surface. • Cellularity and special contacts (tight junctions). • Supported by connective tissue through basement membrane (basal lamina + reticular lamina). • Avascular: no blood vessels. • Regenerative: cells regenerate. • Function: lining of surfaces (interior or exterior to the body)

  7. Figure 3.5

  8. Simple Epithelium • Simple Squamous epithelium: • Description: “scale like” flat cells. • Function: Allows passage of substances through filtration and diffusion. • Located in endothelium (lining of blood vessels), kidney glomeruli, air sacs in the lung (alveoli).

  9. Simple squamous Figure 4.1

  10. Figure 4.2

  11. Simple Epithelium • Simple cuboidal epithelium • Description: cells are of cubic form. • Function: secretion and absortion. • Located in kidney tubules, ovary surface

  12. Figure 4.3

  13. Simple Epithelium • Simple Columnar (cilindrical) epithelium • Description: tall cells with round or oval nucleus. • Function: Absorption that can be increase by cytoplasmatic projections of microvilli, secretion of mucus. If ciliated, it propels mucus by ciliary action. • Located in digestive track, small intestine, uterus, lower respiratory system (bronchioles).

  14. Figure 4.4

  15. Figure 4.5

  16. Simple Epithelium • Pseudostratified columnar: • Description: single layer of cells, with apparent different heghts due to the position of the nucleus. • Function: secretion and propulsion of mucus. • Located in the trachea.

  17. Figure 4.6

  18. Simple Epithelium • Pseudostratified columnar • Description: appears to be stratified squamous and cylindrical. • Function: allows stretching and containing urine (avoiding leakage into adjacent tissues). • Found in the bladder.

  19. Stratified Epithelium • Stratified Squamous epithelium • Description: multilayer squamous cells. • Function: protection of underlying tissues. • Location: Non keratinized (thin skin) are found in the esphagous, mouth,vagina. Keratinized (thick skin): palm and feet.

  20. Figure 4.7

  21. Stratified Epithelium • Stratified Cuboidal epithelium • Description:bilayer of cuboidal cells. • Function: secretion. • Found in the ducts of glands such as mammary, sweat and salivary.

  22. Figure 4.8

  23. Stratified Epithelium • Stratified Columnar epithelium • Description: Several layers of cylindrical cells. • Function: secretion. • Found in the male urethra.

  24. Figure 4.9

  25. Stratified Epithelium • Transitional epithelium • Description: Resembles both stratified sqamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium; basal scells are cuboidal or cylindrical; surface cells are domed or squamous. • Function: Allows distension and stretching. • Found in the lining of the urethers, bladder and par of the urethra.

  26. Figure 4.10

  27. Connective Tissue Proper • Areolar loose connective tissue • Description: loose collagen reticular and elastic fibers, prescence of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells. • Function: wraps provide nutrients and cushions organs. • Found under epithelia, surrounds capillaries and packages organs, .

  28. Connective Tissue • Function: Support/connect tissues. • Description: • Cells: • Fibroblast: most common. • Chondrocytes, ostoecytes: secrete respective extracellular matrix. • Myofibroblasts • Adipocytes • Fibres • Collagen • Estastin • Reticulin • Ground substance: amorphous transparent material. • Glucosaminoclycans (GAGs): Hyaluronic acid • Glycoproteins: fribrillin, fibronectin, integrin.

  29. Figure 4.11

  30. Connective Tissue Proper • Reticular loose connective tissue • Description: predominant reticular fibers in a network. • Function: Provides structure to lymph organs. • Located: Found in lymph organs (thymus, lymph nodes).

  31. Figure 4.13

  32. Connective Tissue Proper • Regular Dense connective tissue • Parallel arranged collagen fibers with fibroblasts. • Function: Attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones. Posses great tensile strength in one direction. • Forms tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis.

  33. Figure 4.15

  34. Connective Tissue Proper • Irregular Dense connective tissue • Description: Irregular arranged fibers with fibroblasts. Forms the articulation capsules of organs and joints. • Function: Posses great tensile strength in several directions. • Location: reticular layer of the dermis, fibrous capsues of organs and joints.

  35. Figure 4.14

  36. Connective Tissue Proper • Elastic Connective tissue • Description: Irregular arranged elastic fibers with fibroblasts. Makes the tunica media in blood vessels. • Function: Provides elasticity to the blood vessels. • Location: Tunica media of arteries and veins.

  37. Figure 4.16

  38. Connective Tissue Proper • Adipose loose connective tissue • Description: adipocytes embeded in scarce areolar tissue. • Function: Energetic reserve, cushioning, thermal insulation. • Location: Hypodermis, kidneys, abdomen, breasts.

  39. Figure 4.12

  40. Cartilage • Hyaline Cartilage: • Description: firm amorphous matrix synthesized by chondroblasts. Mature matrix holds chondrocytes in lacunae. • Function: Allows resilience, flexibility and compressibility to forces. • Located: embryonic skeleton, joints, nose, trachea, ribs.

  41. Figure 4.17

  42. Cartilage • Elastic cartilage: • Description: similar to hyaline, but a grater ratio of elastic fibers. • Function: maintain structure while possesing great flexibility. • Location: outer ear, epiglotis.

  43. Figure 4.18

  44. Cartilage • Fibrocartilage: • Description:similar to hyaline but a greater ratio of collagen fibers. • Function: posses high tensile strength but maintaining compressibility. • Located: intervertebral discs, knee joint, pubic symphisis.

  45. Figure 4.19

  46. Bone • Compact bone • Description: Hard, calcified matrix. Impereameable. Vascularized. Osteocytes in lacunae. • Function: hematopoiesis (reb blood cell formation), storage of calcium and minerals. Composes the skeleton. • Location: bones

  47. Figure 4.20

  48. Figure 4.21

  49. Blood • Description: red, white cells and fibrous proteins (firbinogen) in a fluid matrix (plasma) • Function: transport of nutrients, wates, gases throughout the body. • Located: within blood vessels.

  50. Figure 4.22

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