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Life After WWI

Life After WWI. What’s going on in the world from 1918 to 1939?. New Views of the World. WWI ruins trust in people’s traditional beliefs…start looking more to new sciences, technologies, arts, entertainment Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity

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Life After WWI

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  1. Life After WWI What’s going on in the world from 1918 to 1939?

  2. New Views of the World • WWI ruins trust in people’s traditional beliefs…start looking more to new sciences, technologies, arts, entertainment • Albert Einstein • Theory of Relativity • Made people realize that the world wasn’t working according to absolute laws of motion and gravity

  3. Literature • Many writers concerned that the world had lost its spirituality and was falling into dark times after the war • T.S. Eliot • William Butler Yeats • “The Second Coming” • Existentialism • No real meaning to life • Nietzsche – emphasized going back to pride, assertiveness, and strength

  4. “The Second Coming” • TURNING and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity

  5. The Arts • Artists rebelled against traditional styles • Picasso – cubism • Salvador Dali – surrealism • Music • New forms emerging • Jazz

  6. Society Changes • WWI saw a change in gender roles • Women were working • Younger generations willing to break off from past traditions now • Women: • Gained right to vote • Many stepping out of traditional roles in “domestic sphere” • Margaret Sanger – birth control • More divorce • “Flappers”

  7. Technology is Improved War brought about many advanced technologies or improved early models of old ones Automobile – more family travel

  8. Technology/Entertainment • Airplanes – • Charles Lindbergh- 33 hr, solo flight: NY to Paris • Amelia Earhart – first woman to fly solo across Atlantic Ocean

  9. Radio and Movies • Radio – HUGE after WWI • Silent film: Charlie Chaplin

  10. Charlie Chaplin’s “The Kid” and others The opening title reads: "A comedy with a smile--and perhaps a tear". As she leaves the charity hospital and passes a church wedding, Edna deposits her new baby with a pleading note in a limousine and goes off to commit suicide. The limo is stolen by thieves who dump the baby by a garbage can. Charlie the Tramp finds the baby and makes a home for him. Five years later Edna has become an opera star but does charity work for slum youngsters in hope of finding her boy. A doctor called by Edna discovers the note with the truth about the Kid and reports it to the authorities who come to take him away from Charlie. Before he arrives at the Orphan Asylum Charlie steals him back and takes him to a flophouse. The proprietor reads of a reward for the Kid and takes him to Edna. Charlie is later awakened by a kind policeman who reunites him with the Kid at Edna's mansion. (from imdb.com) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh3z89u1NtY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79i84xYelZI

  11. Postwar Europe - Economies U.S. and Japan were the only countries to come out better than before the war started All others were bankrupt and trying to rebuild…using loans from the U.S. (mostly)

  12. Postwar Europe - Governments • Old rulers had been overthrown • Lots of new, inexperienced democracies • Coalition Government: • Some countries had so many parties, that if a candidate won, there wouldn’t be much support behind him… • So…a temporary alliance of several parties would rule together • Argued a lot…didn’t last long….frequent changes • Rebuilding and strong leadership difficult

  13. The Weimar Republic New name for Germany Inexperienced with democracy…lots of parties trying to gain power The public blamed the government (not the war leaders) for the war and the war-guilt clause Read pg 471 “Inflation” paragraph from book

  14. Pic of German Inflation

  15. What do you see as potential problems so far?

  16. Dawes Plan Charles Dawes = American Banker Dawes Plan lent out $200 million to Germany to stabilize their currency and economy Set a more realistic schedule for Germany to pay back money owed from war

  17. Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact • Seemed like a good start to peace • France and Germany get together and pledge to never go to war against each other • Many other countries signed • Pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”

  18. Financial Collapse • In U.S. • Factories making a ton of stuff… too much for poor Americans (most) to buy • Stores reduce how much they get from factories • Factories lay off people • Farmers making a ton of food with new technologies • Can’t sell food • Can’t pay back loans • Banks fail

  19. Financial Collapse (cont.) • 1929 U.S. Stock Market Crashes • Stock prices kept going up and up and up • Investors got nervous they would drop and everyone sold at same time

  20. The Great Depression Stocks people bought now worthless Unemployment rises By 1932 production cut in half 1933 = 25% unemployment rate!

  21. Global Depression U.S. economy supported the global economy World trade dropped by 65% Whole world feels the depression

  22. Fascism Rises in Europe • Many people lose faith in democracy after Great Depression • Look for another kind of leadership • Fascists promised to… • Fix economy • Punish people responsible for the hard times • Restore order • Encourage National Pride

  23. Fascism • Fascism = no clear defined theory, but … • emphasized loyalty to country – no individ. rights • obedience to leader • Said peaceful countries were weak • Pledged loyalty to one leader • Wore uniforms of certain color • Had special salutes • Held mass rallies

  24. Fascism in Italy • People upset about economy and lack of territorial gains after WWI • Mussolini promised to fix things • 30,000 fascists marched to Rome and demanded king put Mussolini in charge • He did • Mussolini outlawed all political parties (except fascism) and jailed his “enemies” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gnTXlzITqk&feature=related

  25. The Rise of Hitler • Hitler had many disappointments as a young man • Was a soldier in WWI • At end of war joined tiny National Socialist German Workers’ Party – Nazi • Quickly became party’s leader (good speaker) • http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=49941

  26. Like the supporters of Mussolini, Hitler and party stormed Munich to demand power Hitler arrested Spent 9 months in jail Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

  27. Mein Kampf • Book said… • Germans were “Aryans” (incorrect) and were a master race • Other races were inferior • Vowed to regain lands lost in WWI • Said Germany was overcrowded and needed more room “lebensraum” • Wanted to get space by conquering space around him • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vbduo4fHANA

  28. Did people listen? • Not at first • People ignored Hitler • Until… • U.S. loans stopped, Germany’s economy failed, and people were scared about future

  29. The Fascists Get Aggressive • Mussolini dreams of building an Italian empire • Attacks Ethiopia in Africa • Ethiopia goes to League of Nations for help • L.of N. says they think it’s bad….but they can’t really do anything • Britain continues to let Italy pass through the Suez Canal (they own) in order to keep peace • What does this say to Mussolini?

  30. Hitler tries expanding • Treaty of Versailles limited size of German army • Sets up the Rhineland – buffer zone between Germany and France – no army • Hitler declares he will not listen • Expanded military and invaded Rhineland • Britain and France do nothing • Appeasement: giving in to keep the peace

  31. Axis Powers • Mussolini sees Germany’s power and growth and form and alliance • Fear? • Copy cats? • Axis Powers: • Germany • Italy • Japan

  32. Hitler Expands Again • Annexes (takes in as its own) Austria • Britain and France had promised to help Austria remain independent • Appeasement • Invades the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) • Czechs ask for help • Munich Conference, 1938: • Britain, France, Germany, Italy meet • Agree to give Sudetenland to Germany • Czechs not invited…and angry about it • Result: appeasement

  33. Why appeasement? What message does this send to the Axis powers?

  34. Non-aggression pact • Russia was talking with Britain/France about stopping Hitler • Same time….Russia talking to Hitler • August 23, 1939 • Russia and Germany vow to not go to war with one another • What does this mean?..

  35. Invading Poland • After signing Non-Agression Pact with plans to secretly divide Poland, Hitler attacked capital of Warsaw • Sept. 1, 1939 • Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” • Germany’s new strategy • Fast-moving planes and tanks • Then massive infantry • Used to surprise and overwhelm

  36. The Second World War Begins • Great Britain and France declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939 • “Phony War”….more to come

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