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INCINERATION

INCINERATION . a CRUCIAL STEP in WASTE RECOVERY. Waste = problem. Waste = NUISANCE + resources NUISANCES Bulky Disagreeable (visual, olfactory, …) Health risks (epidemic) Environmental Risk Resources Energy Materials

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INCINERATION

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  1. INCINERATION a CRUCIAL STEPin WASTERECOVERY FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  2. Waste = problem • Waste = NUISANCE + resources • NUISANCES • Bulky • Disagreeable (visual, olfactory, …) • Health risks (epidemic) • Environmental Risk • Resources • Energy • Materials • Waste Policy : share out the money available as well as possible in order to • REDUCE PRODUCTION • MINIMISE POLLUTION potential • OPTIMISE RECOVERY FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  3. 100 waste 10 Bottom ashes 1 FlueGas Cleaning Residues Incineration è Nuisance abatement • Volume REDUCTION from 10 to 1 : and even from 100 to 1 : Historicalgoal FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  4. Incineration è Nuisance abatement • Put an end to unpleasantness • Abatement of • olfactory & Nuisances • visual Historicalgoal FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  5. Incineration è Nuisance abatement MAJORBENEFIT Hygiene • Destruction of biological pollutants • Viruses • Microbes • Bacteria • Prions • … Historicalgoal FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  6. Health and Environment Concentration and capturing of chemical pollutants Fine particles Heavy Metals Dioxins … No accumulation of pollution for future generations Incineration è Nuisance abatement Moderngoal (80’s) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  7. Incineration Incineration Incineration è Nuisance abatement • Protection of the Planet • Reduction of the greenhouse effect Moderngoal (90’s) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  8. W I N W I N W I N • 5 to 10 MteqCO2/yr in France Greenhouse effect : win on all sides CH4 avoided :Greenhouse effect < 0 CO2 from biomass = 0 Fossil C remainssequestered FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  9. National Legislation National Legislation EC Directives 8-1989 EC Directive 12-2000 Emissions : caloriesof such low toxicity Waste = Pollutants ð Maximum surveillance ðstricter and stricter legislation ðone of thecleanest activities FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  10. 1 2 Gas 3 Waste Oil 4 Coal 10 MW Boiler 10 MW - Waste is cleaner than fossil fuels Waste Coal Oil Gas Dust 2nd 4th 3rd 1st CO 2nd 4th 3rd 1st Acids2nd 3rd 3rd 1st Metals 3rd 2nd 4th 1st Dioxins 4th 3rd 2nd 1st FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  11. Dioxins : public subject FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  12. Dioxins : Recognised as solvedby the European Commission HealthImpact Studies • 0,1 ng/Nm3Þ « Negligible risk » “… providing that this legislation is enforced by Member States, a high level of protection will be ensured.” • 0,1 ng/Nm3 : can easily be achieved continuously in incineration plants “From a purely technical point of view, dioxin emissions from some processes, such as waste incineration, can be better controlled than emissions from other processes.” Quotations taken from the Answer given byMrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission (12 July 2002)to a WRITTEN QUESTION (E-1585/02, 04.06.2002)to the Commission by Caroline Jackson (PPE-DE) Incineration : ELV Other industrialsectors : BAT Technicallysolved FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  13. “According to the ‘European Dioxin Emission Inventory,Stage II’ (Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, December 2000), funded by the Commission,incinerationof municipal solid wastes has experienced arapid decreaseof dioxin and furan emissions to air during the last decadedue to efficient abatement measures : dioxin emission levels in 2000 have decreased by 58 % compared to the levels in 1995 and they foresee a decrease of 81% comparing the levels of 1995 to 2005”Mrs. Wallström 500g/an 300g/an 200 160 5 g/an 1998 1999 1997 2006 2000 Dioxins : rapid decrease, efficient abatement France FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  14. Main concern : Uncontrolled burning “For the industrial sources a considerable emission reduction has been achieved (based on current trends and activities it is foreseen that thetarget set in the 5th Environment Action Programme of a 90% reduction will be nearly realised in 2005 compared to the levels in 1985). But, for the non-industrial sources (domestic solid fuel burning, domestic waste burning, fires, etc.) the rate of emission reduction is much lower. The relation between industrial and non-industrial sources is shifting towards growing importance of non-industrial sources” Mrs. Wallström on behalf of the Commission FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  15. Dioxins - miscellaneous sources • Incomplete combustion ! • Low temperatures ! In the de novo synthesis windows, 250 to 400 °C ! • Combustion when Clis present • Existed at all times(ice North Pole 8.000 years) • Domestic • Backyard burning • Ditch fires, … • Unauthorized • Tyres, … • Animal carcasses Pyres! 63 g in the UK ! FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  16. All Types of Impact Studies FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  17. BAT (Best Available Techniques)In-te-gra-ted ! It is a wrong approachtofocuson atmospheric emissions ! Every environmental parameters must be taken into consideration “ achieving a high general levelof protection of the environment as a whole ” FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  18. Incineration è Recovery • Recovery of Materials • Ferrous (incineration : greatest source of scrap iron from waste) • Non ferrous (Al, Cu) • Inert materials Today : road construction Tomorrow : concrete … Moderngoal (70-90’s) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  19. Incineration è Mat. recovery • Bottom ashes size-sorted • Ferrous and non-ferrous separation Protires FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  20. Fost Plus Incineration è Material recovery • Valorisation acier (complémentaire) • La plus grosse source de ferrailles à partir de déchets • Recyclable à l’infini • « Propre » au sortir de l’incinérateur Toulouse Bessières FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  21. Incineration è Material & Energy recovery Intexalu • Valorisation aluminium (complémentaire) • Économie d’énergie : 95% (par rapport à aluminium depuis bauxite) • Recyclable à l’infini • « Propre » au sortir de l’incinérateur Fost Plus FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  22. Incineration è Energy Recovery • Generation of energy + Economy of financial resources + Economy of the planet’s resources + Pollution avoided (greenhouse effect, SOx, …) Moderngoal (70-90’s) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  23. Energy : consume in moderation Finite reserves : • maxi : 3.000 Gbl • mini : 1.700 Gbl • Of which800 Gblalready consumed [1 Gbl = 1 Giga baril = 109 baril (of oil)] FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  24. Energy : until when can we deplete resources? 2050 - 2150 : Drying up of the planet’s energy FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  25. Energy : “The parents drink … … the children pay” The generations which will suffer the results of our actions will still have Our portraits Hanging above the fireplace FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  26. Self sustaining combustion • What quantity of energy is needed to burn 1 ton of household waste ? • Most people think a lot • What about you ? FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  27. 1 tonneof Waste Gas oil : 200 l If : 1 tonneof sorting residue Gas oil: 220 l A final (?) renewable energy FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  28. € 6 %of the planet’s resources saved 6 %of the petrol bill Energy-from-Waste : a significant source • Petrol consumption of France : 90 Mtoe(M tonne of oil equivalent) • Energy recovery • Today 1 Mtoe : 1 % • Tomorrow 5 Mtoe : 6 % FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  29. What importance amongst renewable energies ? Mtoe • Hydroelectricity 11 • Wood 8 • Waste1 è 5 ? • Heat pumps 1 • Geothermal 0,4 • Solar, wind, waves 0,05 • TOTAL 21,5 • Summer / winter (daylight saving) 0,3 FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  30. } 25 % à 40 % So, should we burn everything ? • Burn everything ? Certainly NOT ! • BURN WHAT THEN ? • Give priority to a better use of waste when possible: • Reuse • Material and organic recycling • Landfill • The rest to Energy recovery : 60 % à 75 % FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  31. 2nd service Thermal Treatment :a 2nd opportunity to recover Thermal treatment is best suited to that which remains after other treatments (the part which contains the majority of the pollutants) Itrecovers the RESIDUES and NON-RECYCLABLE part from sorting FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  32. The WAR between treatment OPTIONS has no reason to exist • Today all are convinced that : the OPTIONS are COMPLEMENTARY and not competitive => FLEXIBILITY (MULTIPLE OPTIONS) • Distributed according to ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  33. To Optimise ¹ To Maximise How to optimise ? • This is THE question of the moment • Optimal ‘environmental et economic’ depends onCOMPLETE ECO-ASSESSMENTS • These indispensabletools for use in decision-making are conspicuous in their absence • Public authorities musturgently develop them ­ today ¯ when ? FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  34. ! ! ! ! ! ! IGNORANCE of the TECHNIQUE and PRECONCEIVED IDEAS ! Current affairs :When the EU meddles ! • EU since 1996 : RECOVERY ¹ DISPOSAL ! • Court Decision EU 2/2003 based on the Primary Objective ! • Cement Kiln for cement Þ Recovery • Municipal Waste Incinerator Þ NORecovery ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! • Diverges from Incineration Directive which requires recovery if incineration takes places • Looking for an ON/OFF border ‘test’ for trans-frontier transfers of waste : this system does not offer env. protection FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  35. Clarify the notion of RECOVERY • RECOVERY Ì DISPOSAL • 3 levels in the EU texts • INTENTION to Recover (collected for sending to a sorting centre) • EFFECTIVE RECOVERY (OUT / IN ratio) • ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY (integrated, multiple parameters) • RECOVERY based on the RESULT and not on the intention • RECOVERY not on an ON/OFF basis, but in %age • RECOVERY should be judged on the whole chain and not on only one link (e.g.: sorting alone) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  36. Further explanations ? FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  37. Questions ? FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  38. Déchets en France • MUNICIPAUX 50 Mt/an • O.M. et assimilés (en 2000) 27 • Autres déchets municipaux 23 • des ménages : dangereux, verts, inertes • de voirie et assainissement • DIB, DASRI, Automobile 113 • DIS 7 • Agricoles, Industriels dits inertes 480 • TOTAL650 Mt/an FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  39. OM en Europe • France : OM et assimilés (en 2000) 27 Mt/an • i.e. 440 kg/an.hab • UE : 165 Mt/an • Allemagne 41 Mt/an, GB 27 Mt/an, Italie 25 Mt/an, … • Mais évaluation approx. • déf. des catégories différentes selon payset Même à l’intérieur du même pays FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  40. Filières de traitementdes OM et assimilés • France O.M. strictes O.M. & traités avec(22,6 Mt/an) (45,3 Mt/an) • Décharge 47 % 56 % • Incinération 44 % 27 % • avec ValEne 24 % • sans ValEne 3 % • Recyclage mat. … 11 % • Trait. Bio. 8 % 9 % FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  41. Incinérateurs • Nombre • France 123 ( en 1/2003) • Allemagne 61 • Danemark 34 • Italie 32 • Suède 22 • Pays-bas 11 FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  42. France (2003) > 6 t/h 80 < 6 t/h, conformes Arrêté 91 43 < 6 t/h, non conformes 0 Évolution du parc français Capacité totale stable 300 usines en 1996 250 en 1998 123 en 1/2003 Tendance : PETITS fours « artisanaux » et polluantsFERMÉS DAVANTAGE de GRANDS fours « industriels » à IMPACT NEGLIGEABLE ! AMALGAME ! Capacités FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  43. Plages de capacité • Tonnage • Grandes : 12 à 30 t/h Maxi 50 t/h (Ivry 2 x 50 t/h) • Moyennes : 6 à 12 t/h env. • Petites : 2,5 à 6 < 2,5 t/h : plus industriel • PCI • 1.400 à 3000 kcal/kg • Typiquement : 1800 – 2000 (O.M. brutes), 2200 – 2400 (O.M. triées) FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  44. MO (Maîtres d’Ouvrage) Communes, Syndicats, C. Gal, C. Ral Elus et Fonctionnaires mo (Maîtres d’Œuvre) et AMO (Assistants MO) BE (Bureaux d’études) Services de l’Etat Législateurs (Nal, UE) Exploitants (parfois DSP, i.e. délégataires) Constructeurs Public, vecteurs d’opinion, associatifs ! Très nombreux acteurs COMPLEXE : Processusdécisionnairetrès long FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  45. FNADE (Fédération Nationale des Activités de Dépollution et de l’Environnement) 7 Syndicats Constructeurs Exploitants Services 280 entreprises privées 37.000 salariés CA : 6 milliards € Membre de FEAD (UE) • Hubert de Chefdebien • A, SNIDE (Constr.), SVDU (Expl.), FNADE, FEAD Entreprises FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  46. Diagramme de Grille POINT NOMINAL 30 3.000 kcal/kg12.560 kJ/kg 28 2.200 kcal/kg9.211 kJ/kg 26 24 23 Gcal/h 22 20 1.400 kcal/kg 5.861 kJ/kg CHALEUR BRUTE , Gcal/h 18 16 14 12 10 10 t/h 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 (1 kcal = 4,1868 kJ 1 Gcal = 109 cal) DEBIT DE DECHETS, t/h FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  47. Evolution de la réglementation FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  48. SHORT CYCLEof C :~ 1 to 100years Decompositionorcombustion Greenhouse effect : and one ! 75% of the Carbon in waste = biomass Combustion of biomass : No increase of the greenhouse effect FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  49. Greenhouse effect : and two ! Combustionof wasteC ®CO2 Fermentationof waste C ®CH4 Greenhouse effect(mass, 50 yrs) 1 CH4 ~ 60 CO2 CH4 avoided : negative contribution To greenhouse effect Combustion: 1 C ®1 eq. CO2Fermentation avecrécup. biogaz : 1 C ®2,8 eq. CO2 sansrécup. biogaz : 1 C ®5,2 eq. CO2 FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

  50. Very LONG CYCLE from C :> 1.000.000yrs C.Fossil30 106 yrs Greenhouse effect : and three ! Recovery of energy-from-waste = economy in fossil fuels Fossil carbon remains sequestered : No growth of the greenhouse effect FEAD seminar atEntsorga, 24 September 2003, Köln : WASTE AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

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