Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars

1. Urban Geography andSpatial DemographicsZoltan Grossman, Blood & Borders, The Evergreen State College

2. USSR Population(Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII;Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home) Despite Annexations! Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars

3. “State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy” • Guaranteed job, low rents, health care, daycare, etc. • Heavy industrialization to catch up to West • Forced collectivization of private farmlands

4. Soviet Bloc urban population • Soviets favored large industry over farms & cities • Moscow 30% industrial; Paris only 5% • Urbanization but without urban services/transit/life • Prefab worker apartment blocs / housing shortages

5. Russian urban populationOverwhelmingly in largest cities

6. Close command industries • Reduce or end subsidies • Pass burden to renters • Privatize industrial economy; • benefit new entrepeneurs • High unemployment, • inflation, inequality “Shock therapy”

7. Winning regions • Hub regions • - Government/transportation centers. High-tech industries • - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Urals • Gateway regions • - Outward looking/ trade-oriented • - Vladivostok, Murmansk, Kaliningrad

8. Losing regionsHuge gaps in prices, income, roads • Command military-industrial / coal regions • State agricultural regions • Remote natural resource (non-oil) • Ethnic minority regions in conflict

9. Favorable regions of Russia

10. Unfavorable regions of Russia

11. Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006 Male Female Effects of war, poor male health

12. Russian birth rate

13. Russian death rate

14. U.S. Baby BoomUSSR instead had “echo busts” slowing growth in 1960s, 1980s EchoBoom Baby Boom (1946-1964) Baby Bust (1965-1980)

15. Russian life expectancyMen dying from alcohol, drugs, accidents, crime;Male life expectancy now like parts of Third World

16. Russia’s population decline Population decline for first time since WWII; Worries about aging population, labor shortages; Larger families in Muslim regions but not as many industrial workers

17. Feudal City Narrow, Twisty Medieval Streets Vienna, Austria

18. URBAN GEOGRAPHY:Trade City • Merchant capitalism emerges 1400s-1500s; Gradually replaces feudalism • Mediterranean Sea ports • Baltic/North Sea ports (Hanseatic League)

19. IndustrialcapitalistCity(1800 on) Industrial Revolution: Steam engine Steel Loom

20. Other European city characteristics Plazas High density Low skyline Lively downtown Neighborhood stability Symbolism/memorials Good municipal services

21. Central Place Theory Explaining the relative size /function of urban centers as a function of economic behavior Range: Maximum distance buyer will travel Threshold: Minimum market size

22. Stagesofintraurban growthin U.S. • Counterurbanization of wealthy • More than half live in suburbs today

23. Western European City • Industrial workers, • immigrants in suburbs

24. Central European City Budapest, Hungary

26. Urban Inequalities under State Socialism (Iván Szelényi, Oxford U. Press, 1983)

32. Unemployment, 1980-2010

33. Unemployment, 2002-2010

34. Depressed regions, 2004

35. Roma population, 2001

36. Jobbik vote, 2009

37. Jobbik / Hungarian Guard