Mexico population: 107 million

1. Mexico population: 107 million

3. Civilizations in the Americas Before 1500

4. An Olmec mask Olmec Civilization 1200BC-200AD

5. Chichen Itza Mayan Civilization peak 300-700AD Tikal

6. Palenque

7. Toltec Civilization 600-1300 AD

8. Toltec warriors

9. Teotihuacan (tayeteewakan)

10. Teotihuacan Today

11. Quetzalcóat

12. Aztec Civilization 1300s-1520s

13. Aztec Calendar

14. Tenochtitlán

15. Spanish conquest and colonialism The makings of the modern Mexican nation came together in the Spanish Conquest, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec empire in 1519. Merchantilist economy, strict military rule, racial miscegenation of Europeans and Amerindians to create mestizo society, large landed aristocracies (haciendas). Class and racial divisions between Europeans, mestizos, Indians. This led to problems in building national unity after independence.

16. Mexican Independence Movement 1810-1821 Independence and the Creation of the Mexican State - September 16, 1810- insurgency led by Miguel Hidalgo begins Hidalgo, a Catholic priest, was executed by the Spanish in 1811 along with other insurgency leaders. Miguel Hidalgo 1753-1811

17. Independence comes in 1822 Followed by instability and rivalry between liberals and conservatives. Liberals sought to modernize and democratize Mexican society. Conservatives wanted a restored monarchy, centralized power, and strong role for the Catholic Church. The rivalry between liberals and conservatives produced a great deal of political instability in the early years. 24 presidents between 1823 and 1855

18. Rebellion and Instability in Mexico

19. The Texas Revolution 1835-1836 The Republic of Texas 1836-1845

20. Battle of the Alamo 1836 Battle of San Jacinto 1836 Gen. Santa Anna and Sam Houston

21. La Intervención Norteamericana 1846-1848 Boundary disputes provokes Mexican-American War 1846-1848, after which Mexico looses nearly half its territory to the United States.

22. French Intervention of 1862 Intervention by the United States and France stimulates Mexican nationalism. In 1861, France under Napoleon III invades and establishes a short-lived monarchy under Maximilian. The monarchy was accepted by conservatives, but opposed by liberals. Emperor Maximilian I 1864-1867

23. Revolt of 1867 In 1867, the Liberals led by Benito Juarez (a Zapotec Indian) revolt against the monarchy and execute Maximilian and his generals. Juarez serves as president of Mexico until his death in 1872. Benito Juarez, President 1858-1872

24. Cinco de Mayo is not Mexican Independence Day Commemorates defeat of French at the Battle of Puebla May 5, 1862 Not a federal holiday in Mexico, mainly celebrated in Puebla state

25. The Porfiriato 1876-1911 Gen. Porfirio Diaz is president, 1876-80 and 1884-1910 (porfiriato). Diaz sought to use his strong-man leadership to modernize Mexico with the help of a team of close advisors, referred to as cientificos (scientists). Gen. Porfirio Diaz President

26. Mexico experienced unprecedented growth under Diaz, driven mainly by investment in mining and railroads. Much of the investment poured in from the United States, though many Mexicans grew to resent widespread foreign ownership of Mexican industry, land, and national wealth. The fact the United States was a strong backer of the Diaz regime ultimately undermined its legitimacy. Mural depicting Diaz’s cientificos

27. The Diaz regime also did little to alleviate the problems of the peasantry. After the Constitution of 1857, collective land ownership (ejidos) was eliminated as was vast holdings of land by the catholic church. Much of this land was ultimately transferred into large hacienda estates by the country’s elite, with large peasant populations working as sharecroppers rather than landowners. Sugar Plantation Hacienda Tabi Yucatan Peninsula

28. Mexican Revolution of 1910 In 1910, opposition to Diaz’s rule united around Francisco Madero’s presidential campaign. Madero was a US educated wealthy liberal landowner who began work on democratic reforms. The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 with the ousting of Diaz who fled the country. Key to Madero’s victory were two prominent figures – Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. Francisco Madero President 1910-1913

29. The Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Emiliano Zapata Liberation Army of the South “Zapatistas” Pancho Villa División del Norte

30. The 1913 coup Madero assassinated in 1913 by former supporters of Diaz, plunging Mexico into anarchy. The assassination had actually received the backing of the US ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, who feared Madero’s government would move against foreign investors.

31. Following Madero’s death, a military dictatorship was set up under Victoriano Huerta Civil war ensued between federal forces and the armies of Zapata and Villa. Victoriano Huerta 1913-1914

32. Villa and Zapata in Mexico City, 1915 In 1915, Zapata and Villa drive Huerta from power and briefly assume control of government. But fighting continues as rival groups cannot agree on what direction in which to take the country.

33. Mexican Constitution of 1917 In 1917, Constitutionalists under Venustiano Carranza, drive Villa and Zapata from power. Carranza is elected president and his government drafts the Mexican Constitution of 1917, which remains the present day constitution of Mexico. Venustiano Carranza Pres. 1917-1920

34. Ending the Revolution In 1920, Constitutionalists are driven from power as Venustiano Carranza is assassinated in a military coup. Marks the beginning of the Sonoran Dynasty. In the course of the revolution nearly a million Mexicans are thought to have died. Mural to Carranza

35. The Sonoran Dynasty 1920-1934 The Sonoran dynasty takes its name from a series of big boss leadership (jefe maximo) from the Sonoran province. First was Gen. Álvaro Obregón, one of the conspirators in the Carranza assassination, who himself was assassinated after his re-election in 1924. Gen. Álvaro Obregón Pres. 1920-1924

36. The Sonoran Dynasty 1920-1934 Obregón was followed by Plutarco Calles, who ruled as President from 1924-1928 and then hand-picked his successors until 1934. Plutarco Calles Pres 1924-1928

37. Important Developments under Calles’ rule Establishment of the Institutional Revolutionary Party under Calles Efforts to limit the power of the Catholic Church (anticlericalism) Nationalization of economic policy (much of Mexico’s industrial and agricultural wealth had been under the control of private investors/foreign investors prior to Calles). The goal of the PRI was to unite all factions into one mass revolutionary party and end decades of political violence. For the most part, it worked, and it gave Calles unprecedented control over Mexican politics.

38. Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform and the Workers In 1934, Calles makes a miscalculated choice that brings an end to the Sonoran Dynasty. Lazaro Cárdenas becomes president in 1934 and initiates major revolutionary policy changes Lázaro Cárdenas Pres. 1934-1940

39. Land reform Distributes nearly 49 million acres of land to peasants in the form of ejidos (collective lands) thereby creating a strong dependency between the peasantry and the government (clientelism). He also creates the National Peasant Confederation CNC as a peak association for the peasant groups as part of the PRI. Ejidos - collective land

40. Promotes labor organizing (built labor unions around the PRI – also clientelism) Creates the Mexican Workers’ Federation (CTM) as a peak association for labor unions, also under the PRI. Cardenas also nationalizes the oil production industry from US and British companies in 1938 creating a giant state owned enterprise Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). This would prove fortuitous when vast oil belts were discovered in Mexico in the 1970s. Cardenas success at incorporating various interest groups into the PRI gave him extraordinary control over Mexican politics, including the ability to hand pick political successors and co-opt political opposition.

41. Expansion of Presidential Power Cardenas’ expansion of presidential power - more revolutionary than FDRs New Deal coalition in the United States, but without any real competition on policy making from Congress. Between the 1930s and 1990s, no single presidential bill was ever turned down (overridden) by the Mexican Congress. Cardenas also centralized control of revenue, leaving regional state governments and municipalities heavily dependent on the state.

42. Economic Growth but No Democracy 1940s-1970s – rapid economic growth but limited democracy (women do finally get the right to vote in 1953)- All political power consolidated around the PRI, with a succession of PRI presidents each serving single six year terms (sexenios). By the 1960s the PRI becomes repressive of opposition.

43. 1968 is indicative of the problems facing Mexico Economic development has won it the right to host the 1968 Summer Olympic Games, but its also a year of brutal crackdowns. 1968, 1971 Student Demonstrations in Mexico City. 1968 Student Demonstrations ‘Tlaltelolco Massacre’

44. If we had been studying Mexican politics in the 1970s, we would note that while Mexico has an elected President, congress, and state governments, the regime has much more in common with the military rulers of South American than democracies of Canada and the United States. Mexico was in effect a one-party authoritarian government under the PRI and had been so since its founding in 1929 until 2000. Central features of Mexican politics included presidentialism, centralism, state corporatism, clientelism.

45. Economic development State capitalism – government management/intervention to encourage private investment, development Import-substituting industrialization (ISI) and large state involvement in the economy produced “Mexican miracle” from 1950s to 1970s, but left millions of poor behind; many emigrated to U.S. The PRI tended to favor big projects and grants to large corporate industries rather than small business or small farmers on the ejidos. Many people left the countryside in the 1960s and 1970s leading to dramatic urbanization and overcrowding of cities like Mexico Cities and border towns in the north.

46. The last president to vigorously pursue ISI was Luis Echeverria (1970-76) who drew the wrath of the business community with his expensive populist programs Echeverria was also highly critical of the United States over Vietnam and support of Israel. He was also the most repressive president of opposition groups and even today, there are still ongoing cases about human rights abuse during his tenure. Luis Echeverría Pres 1970-1976

47. Pres. Jose Lopez Portillo (1976-82) mends fences with business Oil discoveries spark economic boom, but Mexico runs up massive foreign debt. Most of the debt is generated as a result of the PRI trying to co-opt many diverse interest groups. Buying loyalty was becoming more expensive. José López Portillo Pres. 1976-1982

48. Oil! Pipeline System

49. Economic crisis ensues after as oil prices drop after 1981. The threat that Mexico might default on its foreign loans, caused major capital flight and devaluing of the peso. Ultimately, the United States intervened with loans to restructure Mexico’s debt.

50. Economic Crisis and Reform 1998-2001 Presidents Miguel de la Madrid (1982-88) and Carlos Salinas (1988-94) abandon ISI and heavy state involvement in the economy. Move toward more market mechanisms and trade in an increasingly globalized economy—neoliberalism, privatization, NAFTA. Miguel de la Madrid Pres. 1982-1988