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FUNDAMENTALS

FUNDAMENTALS. Objectives. Write pseudocode for the selection structure Create a flowchart for the selection structure Code the if and if/else forms of the selection structure Write code that uses comparison operators and logical operators. Objectives (continued).

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FUNDAMENTALS

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  1. FUNDAMENTALS

  2. Objectives • Write pseudocode for the selection structure • Create a flowchart for the selection structure • Code the if and if/else forms of the selection structure • Write code that uses comparison operators and logical operators An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  3. Objectives (continued) • Convert the contents of a char variable to uppercase or lowercase • Convert the contents of a string variable to uppercase or lowercase • Use the .NET ToUpper(), ToLower(), and CompareTo() methods • Format numeric output in .NET An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  4. Concept Lesson • Using the Selection Structure • Writing Pseudocode for the if and if/else Selection Structures • Flowcharting the if and if/else Selection Structures • Coding the if and if/else Selection Structures An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  5. Concept Lesson (continued) • Comparison Operators • Logical Operators • Comparing Characters • Comparing Strings An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  6. Using the Selection Structure • Also called the decision structure • Condition specifies decision • Results in either a true or false answer only • Three forms: if, if/else, and switch (or case) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  7. Using the Selection Structure (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  8. Writing Pseudocode for the if and if/else Selection Structures An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  9. Flowcharting the if and if/else Selection Structures selection/repetition symbol An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  10. Coding the if and if/else Selection Structures An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  11. Coding the if and if/else Selection Structures (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  12. Comparison Operators • Often called relational operators • If expression has multiple comparison operators at same precedence, it is evaluated from left to right • Comparison operators are evaluated after any arithmetic operators in the expression An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  13. Comparison Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  14. Comparison Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  15. Comparison Operator Program 1: Swapping Numerical Values An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  16. Comparison Operator Program 1: Swapping Numerical Values (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  17. Comparison Operator Program 1: Swapping Numerical Values (continued) temp is a local variable An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  18. Comparison Operator Program 1: Swapping Numerical Values (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  19. Comparison Operator Program 1: Swapping Numerical Values (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  20. Comparison Operator Program 2: Displaying the Sum or Difference An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  21. Comparison Operator Program 2: Displaying the Sum or Difference (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  22. Comparison Operator Program 2: Displaying the Sum or Difference (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  23. Comparison Operator Program 2: Displaying the Sum or Difference (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  24. Logical Operators • Logical operators allow you to combine two or more conditions into one compound condition • Sometimes called Boolean operators • And/Or operators are evaluated after any arithmetic or comparison operators in an expression An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  25. Logical Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  26. use short-circuit evaluation Logical Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  27. Using the Truth Tables • To receive a bonus, a salesperson must be rated A and he/she must sell more than $10,000 in product rating == 'A' && sales > 10000 • To send a letter to all A-rated salespeople and all B-rated salespeople rating == 'A' || rating == 'B' An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  28. Logical Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  29. Logical Operators (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  30. Logical Operator Program: Calculating Gross Pay An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  31. Logical Operator Program: Calculating Gross Pay (continued) data validation An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  32. Logical Operator Program: Calculating Gross Pay (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  33. Comparing Characters • Display the word “Pass” if user enters the letter P (uppercase or lowercase) • Display “Fail” if user enters anything else An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  34. Comparing Characters (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  35. Comparing Characters (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  36. Converting a Character to Uppercase or Lowercase An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  37. Comparing Strings • String comparisons are case-sensitive • “yes”, “YES”, and “Yes” are different • Before using a string in a comparison, convert it to uppercase or lowercase • Use transform() An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  38. Converting a String to Uppercase or Lowercase • #include <algorithm> • using std::transform; An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  39. transform() Function Program: Calculating Sales Tax • Calculate and display the amount of sales tax that a customer owes • Tax rate is 3% of purchase price • If purchase is made in Gunter County, tax rate is 3.25% An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  40. transform() Function Program: Calculating Sales Tax (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  41. transform() Function Program: Calculating Sales Tax (continued) An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  42. Summary • The selection structure (decision structure) is one of the three programming structures • Forms: if, if/else, and switch (or case) • Represented by a diamond in a flowchart • Use the C++ if statement to code both the if and if/else forms • Condition can contain variables, constants, functions, and arithmetic, comparison, or logical operators • Character and string comparisons are case sensitive • Use toupper(), tolower() and transform() An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

  43. Application Lesson: Using the Selection Structure in a C++ Program • Lab 5.1: Stop and Analyze • Lab 5.2 • Create the Willow Springs Health Club program • Lab 5.3 • Modify program so that the if statement’s true path handles the invalid data, and its false path handles the valid data • Lab 5.4: Desk-Check Lab • Lab 5.5: Debugging Lab An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition

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