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Atmospheric Aerosols: Health, Environmental and Policy of Particulates in the US-Mexico Border Region July 14, 2005

Atmospheric Aerosols: Health, Environmental and Policy of Particulates in the US-Mexico Border Region July 14, 2005. 2003 Field Measurement Campaign Mexico City Metropolitan Area Mario Molina University of California, San Diego Mario Molina Center, Mexico City.

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Atmospheric Aerosols: Health, Environmental and Policy of Particulates in the US-Mexico Border Region July 14, 2005

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  1. Atmospheric Aerosols: Health, Environmental and Policy of Particulates in the US-Mexico Border Region July 14, 2005 2003 Field Measurement Campaign Mexico City Metropolitan Area Mario Molina University of California, San Diego Mario Molina Center, Mexico City

  2. Summary of the First Phase of the Mexico City Air Quality Program Chapter 1. Air Quality Impacts: A Global and Local Concerns Chapter 2. Cleaning the Air: A Comparative Overview Chapter 3. Forces Driving Pollutant Emissions in the MCMA Chapter 4. Health Benefits of Air Pollution Control Chapter 5. Air Pollution Science in the MCMA: Understanding Source-Receptor Relationships Through Emissions Inventories, Measurements and Modeling Chapter 6. The MCMA Transportation System: Mobility and Air Pollution Chapter 7. Key Findings and Recommendations (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002)

  3. Visibility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

  4. Estimated Health Benefits of a 10% Reduction of Pollution Levels in the MCMA Background Rate Risk Coefficient Risk Reduction PM10 (case-persons-yr) (cases/yr) (% per 10µg/m3) Cohort 10/1000 3 2000 Mortality Time Series 5/1000 1 1000 Mortality Chronic 14/1000 10 10 000 Bronchitis Risk Coefficient Background Rate Risk Reduction Ozone (% per 10µg/m3) (case-persons-yr) (cases/yr) Time Series 5/1000 0.5 300 Mortality Minor Restricted 8000/1000 1.0 2,000,000 Activity Days Chapter 4. Health Benefits of Air Pollution Control: John Evans, Jonathan Levy, James Hammitt, Carlos Santos Burgoa, and Margarita Castillejos (2002).

  5. Air pollution harms children's lungs for life Children exposed to higher levels of particulate matter and other air pollutants had significantly lower lung function

  6. Percentage of emissions from the MCMA in 2000 by source category PM2.5 PM10 Electricity Industrial Other generation combustion Chemical Other 7% 3% 3% industry 5% HD- diesel vehicles 4% HD-diesel Vehicles 20% Manufacturing Vehicles 32% industry 6% < 3 ton 5% Other Soil transport erosion 7% 6% Vehicles Metals < 3 ton 8% industry 9% Soil erosion Other Buses 17% Buses transport 15% 9% 10% Private Private Manufacturing cars cars industry 13% 12% 9%

  7. Summary of MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign • Exploratory mission (February 2002) • Intensive 5-week field measurement (Spring 2003) • Special Session on “Megacity Impacts on Air Quality” at the Fall 2004 AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA • Special Issue of the MCMA 2003 Campaign in ACP (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics) • NARSTO sanctioned field campaign – data will be posted on NARSTO website • Photochemical/Transport Modeling in progress (CIT, MM5, CAMx, etc.) • Sponsors: CAM, NSF, MIT/AGS, PEMEX, DOE, others

  8. Mobile Laboratory Modes of Operation February 2002 & April 2003 Stationary Sampling High time resolution point sampling Quality Assurance for conventional air monitoring sites Mobile Sampling/Mapping Motor vehicle pollution emission ratios Large source plume identification Ambient background pollution distributions Chase Detailed mobile source emissions characterization Plume tracer flux measurements

  9. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) at CENICA • 100% transmission (60-600 nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal. • Jayne et al., Aerosol Science and Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000. • Jimenez et al., J. Geophys. Res.- Atmospheres, 108(D7), 8425, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001213, 2003.

  10. Aerosol measurements(April 15-17, 2003)

  11. PM2.5 Concentration

  12. DSignal Emission Ratio = DSignal / DCO2 “In-plume” Sampling indicated by above-ambient CO2 levels Emission perturbed level DCO2 Ambient background level

  13. Vehicle Chase Experiments Kolb et al., A31D-02 / Zavala et al., A31D-08 / Knighton et al., A14A-03

  14. Heterogeneity in a single soot particle S, K inclusions Only Carbon S inclusion Si inclusion (Source: MIT/PNNL)

  15. 500 nm 2 µm 40 70 Fresh soot in city traffic Processed soot at CENICA C C 65 35 60 55 30 50 S 25 45 O 40 20 X-ray intensity (a.u) X-ray intensity (a.u) 35 30 15 25 20 10 O 15 10 S 5 5 0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 keV keV Processing of Soot From “Chase” Studies In Ambient Air PIXE Spectra

  16. MCMA 2003: Glyoxal and SOA precursors • DOAS-1 • L= 860m • H= 16m • Benzene, Toluene, Styrene • m-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene • Benzaldehyde, Phenol, pCresol • Naphtalene • HCHO,Glyoxal (DOAS-2) Glyoxal Aromatic VOCs SOA Precursors SOA First time DOAS detection of Glyoxal in the atmosphere CENICA East South South-West

  17. Conclusions: PM Measurements • Rich PM dataset during MCMA-2003 • 58% organics, 26% Inorg., 14% BC • Org: 2/3 OOA, 1/3 POA • Little soil / metals • Intense condensation SIA and SOA • More SOA than in chambers • “Natural” Holy Week experiment • PAH measurements

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