Chapter 11 Review

1. Chapter 11 Review Mr. Klein

2. Industrial Revolution comes to the U.S. Industrial Revolution arrives in the U.S. around 1800. First comes to New England region where lack of farming and many rivers and streams were ideal for factories. Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin and muskets with interchangeable parts so if a part broke it can be replaced and produced in large numbers. Samuel Slater builds machines that he memorized in England and starts factories in New England . Francis Cabot Lowell improves Slater’s Mill and begins the factory system where all manufacturing steps are combined in one place. American ideals of capitalism and free enterprise help spur industrial growth. Business owners produce products they can sell and make the most profit. Competition helps business improve.

3. American Agriculture Most Americans still live and work on farms. As American settlers move west agriculture moves with them. Farmers raise pork, corn and wheat. The invention of cotton gin and factories sends demand for cotton threw the roof. Southern farmers move west and plant more cotton and in 30 years cotton production goes up by 100%. Expansion and demand of cotton leads to a higher demand for slave labor. After 1807 International slave trade is illegal so the domestic slave trade is used to fulfill demand.

4. Economic Independence People invest in new businesses in the hopes of making profits. Low taxes, minimum government regulations and competition encourage people to invest in new industries. In the 1830s corporations begin to grow. A corporation is a business that can have a lot of owners, grow to a large size and sell stock to raise money and expand their business. Growth of factories and trade lead to growth of cities. In east shipping cities on coast grow, in the west cities on rivers grow to be trading centers. Disease and fire are dangers to cities but cities offer many opportunities to people.

5. Go West Steady stream of settlers keep moving west. Daniel Boone explores and helps open up Cumberland Gap for settlers to get over the Appalachian Mountains. As western territory turns into states roads are built to connect the country together. River travel was faster and more comfortable than by road. But most rivers travel north-south and moving upstream is slow. Steamboats make travel fast and easier and canals are built to connect different waterways together. Erie canal is most famous for joining great lakes together with New York City. Western states grow rapidly and most settle along rivers and canals expand area that can be settles.

6. National Unity In 1816 James Monroe wins presidential election by an overwhelming margin. Monroe represented unity of country with his sense of dignity and the country was free of political strife. Republicans move towards stronger federal government Henry Clay proposes a nationalist program to help country grow. Clay’s plan wants economy to grow in each section of country, increase power of federal government, higher tariffs, new Bank of the U.S. and internal improvements like roads, bridges and canals. Second Bank of U.S. restores order to money supply and helps businesses grow.

7. Sectionalism Competition with goods of higher quality from Great Britain lead to the U.S. passing tariffs to encourage people to buy cheaper American products. Southerners were angered by tariffs who saw them as benefitting the northern manufacturers and higher prices for them. Country soon divided between north, south and west. Each has a voice in congress with Clay representing the west, John C. Calhoun the south and Danial Webster the North. Each leader was concerned with protecting the interests of his own section of the country.

8. Missouri and Foreign Affairs. Supreme court makes a lot of rulings expanding federal powers over state powers. Southerners are worried about imbalance of representation in the country and the senate. So when Missouri comes up for statehood it is suggested by Henry Clay that each time a state is admitted then a slave state has to be added to keep balance. Missouri compromise sees Missouri and Maine added as slave and free states. Land below Missouri will permit slavery in new territory but not north of it. This is a temporary solution to a problem that will only get worse. Britain – agrees that 49th parallel is border between U.S. and Canada and Americans can settle Oregon territory. Spain – in 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty ceded Florida to U.S. while U.S. agrees to Spain controlling Texas.

9. Monroe Doctrine Miguel Hidalgo leads rebellion in Mexico against Spanish rule. In 1821 Mexico gains independence from Spain. Simon Bolivar leads independence movement that frees Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador. In 1823 Monroe issues statement that U.S. will not get involved in European affairs or wars and won’t interfere with European colonies in the Americas. However, North and South America “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by and European powers” This served as a warning to European countries and served as U.S. foreign policy for decades.