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Chlorine Cl2

Chlorine (Cl2). Widely distributed elementSodium chloride in seawaterNatural depositsMost important use is bleachChemical reagent use Commercial use . Chlorine - Overview. Noncombustible, yellow-green gas with a pungent, irritating odor and strong oxidizing effectsSlightly soluble in waterCo

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Chlorine Cl2

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    1. Chlorine (Cl2)

    2. Chlorine (Cl2) Widely distributed element Sodium chloride in seawater Natural deposits Most important use is bleach Chemical reagent use Commercial use

    3. Chlorine - Overview

    4. Chlorine - Overview

    5. Chlorine - Toxicity Major route of toxicity is inhalation Solutions that generate chlorine can be highly corrosive to skin or GI tract Strong oxidizing capability Produce major tissue damage

    6. Chlorine - Toxicity Hypochlorous acid Penetrates cells and react with cytoplasmic proteins Form N-chloro derivatives that destroy cell structure Estimated lowest lethal concentration 30-minute exposure is 430 ppm -- 1000 ppm Fatal within minutes

    7. Chlorine - Toxicity Children may be more vulnerable than adults

    8. Protective Equipment Variety of rubber and plastic materials resist chlorine Wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination Use air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment Chlorine-resistant plastic sheeting and disposable bags useful in preventing spread of contamination

    9. Detection Yellow-green color and distinctive odor Variety of chlorine monitors and gas sensors are available commercially

    10. Decontamination Victims should be removed from exposure area Remove and double-bag contaminated clothing and personal belongings

    11. Decontamination Eye exposure Flush the eyes with lukewarm water for a minimum of 15 minutes Skin exposure Flush skin and hair with plain water for 5 minutes Wash with soap and water for at least 15 minutes Rinse thoroughly afterwards

    12. Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis is a clinical one May be apparent immediately or delayed for a few hours General Dizziness Agitation Anxiety Nausea Vomiting

    13. Signs and Symptoms Eyes Low concentrations Burning discomfort Tearing Spasmodic blinking or involuntary closing of the eyelids Redness Conjunctivitis High concentrations Corneal burns

    14. Signs and Symptoms Skin Corrosive effects irritate the skin Causing burning pain, inflammation, sweating and blisters Exposure to liquefied chlorine can produce frostbite injury

    15. Signs and Symptoms Respiratory System Low concentrations (1 to 10 ppm): eye and nasal irritation, sore throat, a stinging chest pain and coughing Higher concentrations (>15 ppm): rapid progression to respiratory distress with airway constriction and pulmonary edema Injury can progress to lung collapse over several hours Hospitalize and observe symptomatic patients

    16. Signs and Symptoms Cardiovascular Tachycardia and hypertension initially, followed by hypotension After severe exposure, cardiovascular collapse may occur from lack of oxygen Metabolic A major inhalation exposure can produce a form of acid-base imbalance: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

    17. Treatment Basic first aid for victim Advanced life support (ALS) protocols Patients who are comatose, hypotensive, having seizures or who have cardiac arrhythmias There is no specific treatment and care is primarily supportive

    18. Treatment Eyes Irrigate eyes for at least 15 minutes, until pH returns to normal Test visual acuity, check for corneal damage, and treat appropriately Consult an ophthalmologist immediately for corneal injuries

    19. Treatment Skin Treat chemical burns as thermal burns Frostbite injuries Water bath at temperature of 102° to 108° F (40° to 42° C) 20 to 30 minutes or until a flush has returned to the affected area

    20. Treatment Cardiopulmonary Severe respiratory compromise Secure the airway and maintain ventilation Be aware of an increased risk for pneumonia Bronchospasm: aerosolized bronchodilators Children with stridor: aerosolized epinephrine

    21. Treatment Laboratory Routine studies: CBC, glucose, and electrolytes Monitor pulse oximetry (or ABG measurements) and obtain a chest x-ray If hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is present, monitor the blood pH closely and treat with bicarbonate

    22. Long-Term Medical Sequelae Pulmonary function usually normalizes within 7 to 14 days after acute exposure Complete recovery generally occurs Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) Flu-like symptoms and prolonged pulmonary impairment

    23. Long-Term Medical Sequelae Not been classified for carcinogenic effects No information available on reproductive or developmental effects

    24. Environmental Sequelae Chlorine causes environmental harm at low levels High reactivity Chlorine is not likely to move through the ground and enter groundwater

    25. Summary High potential for terrorist use because it is readily and commercially available Natural element that is extremely oxidizing and corrosive Combines with water to form hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid and oxygen free radicals All cause major tissue damage

    26. Summary Estimated lowest lethal concentration for a 30-minute exposure is 430 ppm Signs and symptoms Mild eye and nasal irritation Pulmonary edema and cardiopulmonary collapse Decontamination and basic first aid are critical Care is primarily supportive, using standard ALS protocols when indicated

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