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ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004

ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004. David Grimsrud Chair, SSPC 62.2 September 2005. Background - I. Building research since 1977 ASHRAE Standards activities since 1983 Standard 62-1989 Standard 62R-1996 Standard 62.2 since then. Background-II.

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ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004

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  1. ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2004 David Grimsrud Chair, SSPC 62.2 September 2005

  2. Background - I • Building research since 1977 • ASHRAE Standards activities since 1983 • Standard 62-1989 • Standard 62R-1996 • Standard 62.2 since then

  3. Background-II • Standards become a vehicle to merge research and practice • Most useful if it contains both • A prescriptive path • A performance path

  4. Background - III • Standards have evolved in style • They have become minimum, prescriptive documents • Performance tracks have become labeling programs, e.g. • Energy Star (EPA), Building America (DOE), Health House (ALA)

  5. Goals of this presentation • Describe 62.2-2004 • Discuss filtration in 62.2 • Listen to your ideas about how 62.2 should change • Continuous maintenance

  6. PURPOSE OF 62.2 “This standard defines the roles of and minimum requirements for mechanical and natural ventilation systems and the building envelope intended to provide acceptable indoor air quality in low-rise residential buildings.” • Ventilation Systems • Sources • Envelope

  7. SCOPE OF STANDARD 62.2 • Single-family houses and multi-family structures of three stories or fewer • Chemical, physical, and biological contaminants are considered • Not thermal comfort ; Not Unvented appl. • Caveats: • Diversity of sources & susceptibilities • Non IAQ perceptions • Poor outdoor air • Improper O&M • High Polluting Events

  8. PRINCIPLES BEHIND 62.2 • Occupants control their houses • Occupants control sources • Occupants operate building • Envelope Plays Important Role • Infiltration and Natural Ventilation • Potential Pollutant Source • Sources Matter • Simple Solutions

  9. Key Definitions in 62.2-2004 • Several important definitions are covered in the standard. The key definition is: • acceptable indoor air quality:air toward which a substantial majority of occupants express no dissatisfaction with respect to odor and sensory irritation and in which there are not likely to be contaminants at concentrations that are known to pose a health risk.

  10. COMPLIANCE • Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation • Or equivalent • Fans in Kitchens and Baths • Windows in Most Rooms • Some Source Control • “Good” Equipment

  11. OUTDOOR AIR TARGET • Building+People • 3 cfm/100 ft2. (15 l/s/100 m2.) • + 7.5 cfm/person (3.5 l/s/person) • Count Bedrooms • Compare w/0.35 ach from 62-01 residential requirement 10 ft2=1 m2

  12. Whole Building VentilationRequirements for General IAQ • Applies to all low-rise residential single family and multifamily buildings. • Exemption to mechanical IAQ ventilation for dry Southern and Western tier states. • Sound rating of 1.0 sones or less is required for exposed whole building ventilation fans.

  13. Whole Building VentilationRequirements (cont) • This level of ventilation is intended to be provided continuously whenever the building is occupiable. • This can be supply ventilation, exhaust ventilation, or balanced ventilation. • This level of ventilation was set including a default credit of 2 cfm/100 ft2 for infiltration.

  14. MECHANICAL VENTILATION • Unusual in US • Control System • Pressurization Restrictions Based on Climate • Reduced by Infiltration Credit • Exceptions 2 cfm =1 l/s 10 ft2=1 m2

  15. Whole Building VentilationRequirements (cont) Table 4.1a

  16. Whole Building VentilationRequirements (cont) • Sizing Table 4.1 is provided based on 7.5 cfm/person plus 1 cfm/100 ft2 of conditioned space • 62.2-2004 assumes 2 people in the master bedroom like ASHRAE 62-1989. • Table 4.1 reduces ventilation of larger residences compared to old 0.35 ACH method.

  17. NATURAL VENTILATION • Required in Most Rooms • Openings • 4% of Floor Area • Extra Capacity • Whole-House • rarely • NOT Local Exhaust

  18. System Generalizations • Supply – Hot climates • Exhaust – Heating/cooling climates • Balanced w/ heat recovery – cold climates Caution: Choice depends on house details and local climate

  19. Kitchens 100 cfm (50 l/s) range hood or 5 (kitchen) ACH Exhaust only Bathrooms 50 cfm (25 l/s) capacity or 20 cfm (10 l/s) continuous Exhaust only KITCHENS AND BATHS

  20. AIR MOVING EQUIPMENT • Must be Rated for Continuous Use • Must Deliver Air Flow • Dampers in Multi-family • Control System • Must be Quiet • 1 Sone (continuous) • 3 Sone (intermittent) • Downdraft kitchen exhaust is “special”

  21. SOURCE REQUIREMENTS • Clothes Dryers: Exhausted to Outside • Combustion Appliances: Restrict Exhaust Fans Capacity • Air Handlers in Garages Must Meet Tightness Specification • Particle Filtration

  22. RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES • Std Requires Some “Good” Filtration • For equipment • Consider the Source • System Type • Supplemental Filtration • Removal • Usually OK

  23. PARTICLE FILTRATION • On Ducts > 10 ft. • 50% for 3 micron • MERV 6 • Primarily to Keep Supply Air Clean • System as Source • Pressure Concerns

  24. VENTILATION CAPACITY • Normally Satisfied By Windows • Fans like Bathroom if No Window • Not Required in Toilets and Laundries

  25. GUIDELINE 24 • Supplement to “Minimum” Standard • How to do better; resolve comments • Topics Not Covered in Standards • Sources, control, mitigation • Unusual situations, populations • Effort Initiated June, 2002 • Working outline • First draft nearing completion. Possible review to begin in fall.

  26. 62.2 USER’S MANUAL • Companion to “Minimum” Standard • How to meet the standard • Implementation of Standard Topics • Nothing new, just options • Done by Outside Contractor • SSPC reviews work • Intended For Sale With Standard

  27. Discussion • What are your suggestions for change? • How can these changes be implemented?

  28. McDonald et al. (2002) Effect of Air Filtration Systems on Asthma, Chest, 122(5): 1535-1542. Review of 10 published randomized clinical tests evaluating effects of residential air filtration systems on patients with asthma. Overall they found a reduction in symptoms but not of medication use, and no improvement in measures of peak flow. This is not surprising since the studies consisted of only 229 patients in their home settings. EPI Studies

  29. Hanninen et al. (2005) Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings, Indoor Air 15: 246-256. Estimates impact of filtering supply air in buildings on PM2.5 exposures and impact on premature mortality (Pope et al., 2002). Modeling study shows that if population in Helsinki lived and worked in post-1990 buildings that incorporate supply air filtration, PM2.5 exposures would be reduced 27%. This is based on results of large urban exposure study EXPOLIS. Modeling Studies

  30. What are the next steps? • 1. • 2. • 3.

  31. ALLERGENS • Identify Source • Supplement Filtration • Pollen, Yes • Pets, No • Biologicals, No • Not Ventilation • Moisture Control = Biological Control • 62.2 Helps

  32. Radon Particulates Lead & Asbestos Allergens Moisture Combustion Garages VOCs Outdoor Air Occupant Activities SOURCES AND 62.2P skip

  33. Implementation Example • Track implementation of 62.2 in 2000 sq. ft, 3-bedroom house having 2 baths. • Outside air target is 90 cfm [60+30] • Fan flow-rate required is 50 cfm [20+30] • One quiet bath fans having 50 cfm capacity and rated for continuous operation provides required ventilation

  34. Ventilation Costs • Ventilation costs money in all designs. Costs minimized when rates are controlled. Provide enough but not too much. • Do not rely on infiltration. • Rather, use tight construction and high-quality fans (or blowers).

  35. RADON AND SOIL GAS • Base Rates Cover Most Houses • Ventilation Can Make Bad Problem Worse • Problem Locations Need Remediation • Radon Resistant Designs Available

  36. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Normally not a Problem • Lead & Asbestos • Poor Response to • Ventilation • Filtration • Source Removal or Encapsulation

  37. MOISTURE AS POLLUTANT • Envelope Effects • Molds • Dust Mites • Building Damage • 62.2 Considers Moisture Control • Excess Sources Can be a Problem • Inc Intrusion

  38. (UN)USUAL ACTIVITIES • Pollutants From • Combustion • Hobby • Home-Office • May not be Handled by Std • Occupant Responsibility • Guidance from 62.2

  39. VOCs IN HOUSEHOLD • Volatile Organic Compounds • Materials • Furnishings • Products • Base Rates Cannot Control High Emission Rates • Ventilation Capacity

  40. EXTERNAL SOURCES • Outdoor Pollutants • Ozone/Exhaust • Pesticides • Toxic Releases • No Air Cleaning • Short-term Rate Reduction

  41. STATUS OF 62.2 • Published by ASHRAE • Pending ANSI • Users Manual in development • Developing Guideline Document • Addenda • CO • Garage • ?

  42. Cost Comparisons-1 • Cold climate (Mpls) 2000 sqft house • New house w/ exhaust fan ventilation: $330/year • Existing house w/o cont. mechanical ventilation: $650/year • (Ref: Wray, Mattson, Sherman, ASHRAE Trans. 106(2), 2000)

  43. Cost Comparisons-2 • Temperate climate (Columbus) 1500 sqft house • New house w/ forced-air cycler ventilation: $310/year • Existing house w/o cont. mechanical ventilation: $460/year • (Ref: Wray, Mattson, Sherman, ASHRAE Trans. 106(2), 2000)

  44. CLIMATE Supply Ventilation Limited Exhaust Ventilation Limited

  45. Operations and Maintenance(Appendix A) • Covered in informative Appendix A • Provides general guidance regarding the recommended operations and maintenance information that should be left at the residence. • Appendix A provides a form to record the information. • Informative and recommended, but not required.

  46. HVAC Systems (Appendix B) • Informative appendix that provides design, system, and equipment selection guidance for the engineer. • It addresses design, sizing, selection, energy consumption, installation, maintenance, and operation of the required ventilation systems

  47. Ventilation Characteristics (Chap 7672) NLbldg = 0.169 Furnace = SC Vent = Exhaust Winter Summer • Modest contribution by intentional penetrations • Passive sources are the dominant means of air exchange • Exhaust-only fan contributes 57% of its flow capacity in the winter and 69% in the summer

  48. INTERMITTENT VENTILATION • Must Cycle: At least 1 hr out of 12 • Timer to Assure Minimum On-time • e.g. “Fan Recycler” • De-rate Flow if Cycle > 3 hours:

  49. Implementation Example – 4a Fan Flow Rate can be calculated by the following formula: Qf=Qr/(εƒ) Where Qf equals the fan flow rate. Qr equals the ventilation air requirement. ε equals the ventilation effectiveness. ƒ equals the fractional on time.

  50. Implementation Example – 4b • House is 200 ft2 with 3 bedrooms, so 50 cfm is flow-rate required • Fan operates 30% of time every 4 hours • Ventilation effectiveness is 33% • 50 cfm/(0.33 x .30) = 500 cfm • If operated every 3 hours, would be 170 cfm

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