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VERB RECOGNITION

VERB RECOGNITION. ACTIVE - ō/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt IMPERATIVE: -[ zero ] -te. PASSIVE/DEPONENT - o r - ri s -t ur -mu r - min ī -nt ur IMPERATIVE: - r e - min ī. PERSONAL ENDINGS. THEME VOWELS - A. - ā ( swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’ or final `t’ )

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VERB RECOGNITION

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  1. VERB RECOGNITION

  2. ACTIVE -ō/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt IMPERATIVE: -[zero] -te PASSIVE/DEPONENT -or -ris -tur -mur -minī -ntur IMPERATIVE: -re -minī PERSONAL ENDINGS

  3. THEME VOWELS - A • -ā(swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’ or final `t’) • present tense of –āre verbs: e.g. clāmant, they shout • (after `b’) imperfect: e.g. laudābāminī, you (pr.) were being praised • (after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e.g. laudāverant, they had praised • present subjunctive of –ēre, -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. videātur, is/may be seen; regātur, is/may be ruled; audiātur, is/may be heard • (in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. loquar, I will speak

  4. THEME VOWELS - E • -ē/e(never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’) • present tense of –ēre verbs: e.g. vidēris,you (sing.) are seen • present subjunctive of –āre verbs: e.g. pulsēmur, we are/may be seen • (after vowel plus `r’) imperfect subjunctive: e.g. habēret, he/she had /might have [i.e. infinitive plus personal endings] • (after -iss- ) pluperfect subjunctive:e.g.dīxisset, he/she had said [i.e. perfect infinitive plus personal endings] • future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e.g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen • (only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: e.g. loqueris, you (sing.) speak

  5. THEME VOWELS - I • -ī/i(never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’) • present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) of –ere verbs like regō, capiō: e.g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill • (after a perfect stem)perfect tense: e.g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw • (after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e.g. ambulābimus, we will walk • present subjunctive of sum, possum, volō, nōlō, mālō: e.g. velim, I would like; timeō nē in perīculō sīmus, I’m afraid we may be in danger • (after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs: e.g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run

  6. THEME VOWELS -U • -u (usually only before `nt’) • present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear • (with `er’) future tense of sum: e.g. erunt, they will be • (after `ēr’) perfect tense: e.g. aedificāvērunt, they have built

  7. SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY • -istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense: • Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me? • -ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive: • Eam invēnī, I’ve found her • Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended • theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative • Volunt abīre, They want to go away • Loquere Speak! • theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive • Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched • perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive • Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work • theme vowel without ending: singular imperative • Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run! • theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative • Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run! • theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent) • Docēbor, I will be taught

  8. capiunt

  9. capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

  10. capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject • -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense

  11. capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject • -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense They capture

  12. loquiminī

  13. loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent

  14. loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent • -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative

  15. loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent • -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative you (plural) speak Speak!

  16. currēbat

  17. currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject

  18. currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject • -ba-, so imperfect

  19. currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject • -ba-, so imperfect He/she was running

  20. faciemus

  21. faciemus • -mus, so `we’

  22. faciemus • -mus, so `we’ • -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future

  23. faciemus • -mus, so `we’ • -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future We will do

  24. dēfenduntur

  25. dēfenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

  26. defenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent • -u- not preceded by `er’, so present

  27. dēfenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent • -u- not preceded by `er’, so present (they) are defended

  28. vidēbāris

  29. vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent

  30. vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent • -bā- so imperfect

  31. vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent • -bā- so imperfect You were being seen

  32. laudāverant

  33. laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

  34. laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject • -era- after perfect base so pluperfect

  35. laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject • -era- after perfect base so pluperfect (they) had praised

  36. sequere

  37. sequere • -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative

  38. sequere • -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative Follow!

  39. aedificāverimus

  40. aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’

  41. aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)

  42. aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry) We will have built OR We have built

  43. currerēmus

  44. currerēmus • -mus, so `we’

  45. currerēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive

  46. currerēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive We were running/might run etc.

  47. cōnābor

  48. cōnābor • -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent

  49. cōnābor • -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent I will try

  50. dēfendī • -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

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