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Geographical Fieldwork: Different approaches

Geographical Fieldwork: Different approaches. 地理實察. Curriculum Objectives 教學目標. 本課程旨在介紹地理 實察的意義和技能 , 教學上主要透過 課堂解說 、課間討論與野外研習 等方式進行。課程中安排若干地理實察，同時訓練學生學習撰寫地理實察報告、進行口頭報告和編寫地理實察教材。因此本課程的教學目標如下： 1. 能使學生能瞭解地理實察的意義和內涵 2. 能使學生能養成基本的地理實察能力 3. 能使學生能具備撰寫地理實察報告能力

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Geographical Fieldwork: Different approaches

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  1. Geographical Fieldwork: Different approaches 地理實察

  2. Curriculum Objectives 教學目標 • 本課程旨在介紹地理實察的意義和技能,教學上主要透過課堂解說 、課間討論與野外研習等方式進行。課程中安排若干地理實察，同時訓練學生學習撰寫地理實察報告、進行口頭報告和編寫地理實察教材。因此本課程的教學目標如下： 1.能使學生能瞭解地理實察的意義和內涵 2.能使學生能養成基本的地理實察能力 3.能使學生能具備撰寫地理實察報告能力 4.使學生能具備設計地理實察教材的能力

  3. Course Contents 教材內容 週次 預定課程綱要 週次 預定課程綱要 • 1緒論10 實地考察(二) • 2地理實察的意義和功能11 考察資料整理分析 • 3地理實察的內容和原則12 考察資料討論(一) • 4地理實察的方法13 考察資料討論(二) • 5地理實察的設計14 考察資料討論(三) • 6 自然地理實察 • 7 人文地理實察 • 8 環境地理實察 • 9 實地考察(一)

  4. Reference Books 參考書籍 1.黃朝恩(1994)地理科戶外環境教學之實驗研究。地理研究報告21：173-208 2.黃朝恩(2000)地理實察手冊。國立台灣師範大學地理系講義， 78頁。 3.黃朝恩(2003)環境教育戶外教學活動手冊。2003台灣生態博覽會，44頁。 4.J.Boyce and J.Ferrett.(1984) Fieldwork in Geography. Cambridge. 5.M.H.Matthews (1986) Fieldwork Exercises in Human and Physical Geography . Edward Arnold. 6.J. Frew (1993) Geography Fieldwork. Nelson. 7.D.Job (1999) New Directions in Geographical Fieldwork. Cambridge. 8.D. Holmes et al.(2003) Fieldwork Investigation. Hodder & Stoughton. 9.D. Holmes et al.(2000) A-Z Advancing Geography:Fieldwork

  5. Fieldwork in Geography 地理實察 • Outdoor Studies – knowledge-based • Outdoor Pursuits – skill-based • Outdoor Experiences – affection-based “Discover, Reflect and Experience” “I hear, I forgot; I see, I remember; I try, I understand”

  6. Objectives of Fieldwork目標 1. Acquire direct and practical experiences 2. Expand knowledge and vision 3. Enhance skill and ability 4. Increase learning interest 5. Cultivate foundation of scientific research 6. Stimulate environmental observation 7. Build up comprehensive understanding 8. Accomplish affective achievement 9. Promote mental and physical health 10. Strengthen mutual relationship “德智體群美”五育並重

  7. Principles of Fieldwork原則 • Should be undertaken at each phase as part of enquiry based learning • Could be residential or one day visits • No minimum requirement stated • Could be local or based within the school grounds • Can be the basis of an individual investigation at University Entrance Examination • Can be a techniques course • Can underpin the content, and supply case study materials

  8. Dale: Experience Cone 經驗塔 Active, Effective, Multiple, Concrete, and Dynamic Learning Actual participation Observed experiences Model experiences A -V experiences A -V learning Passive, Invalid, Limited, Abstract, and Static Learning Symbol learning

  9. Use of Fieldwork by Taiwan High School Teachers 1. Never use 30.3% 2. Occasionally use 66.4% 3. Often use 3.3% 4. Use with difficulty 49.4% 5. Use with some difficulty 48.3% 6. Use with no difficulty 2.3%

  10. Fieldwork Activities Observational ‘Out of the window you can see …’ Investigative ‘If it moves, measure it’ Enquiry ‘There’s no simple answer’ Type of activity Guided tour Field teaching Field study Field testing Investigating Process studies Model-testing ‘pure’ Field discovery Hypothesis testing Issues Problem-solving ‘applied’ Characteristics Passive transmission Teacher-centred Factual knowledge Prescriptive Specific Qualitative Observation-orientated Non-participatory Information-based Active Finding out Teacher-led, pupil centred Methodological Systematic Scientific Qualitative and quantitative Measurement-orientated Participatory Activity-based Interactive Evaluating Pupil-centred, pupil-led Interpretative Open-ended Scientific and humanisitic Qualitative and quantitative Outcome-orientated Fully participatory Discover-centred Fieldwork Approaches

  11. Basic geographical skills 基本技能 • Asking geographical questions 發出問題 • Acquiring geographical information 蒐集資料 • Organizing geographical data 組織數據 • Analyzing geographical information 分析數據 • Answering geographical questions 回答問題 ↓ prediction預測, evaluation評估, decision making決策, design設計, planning規劃

  12. 獲取地理資訊的途徑 1.文獻資料的蒐集2.地圖及相片圖的判讀 3.問卷設計 4.地理實察

  13. 文獻資料的蒐集 • 來源 1.政府官書 2.專書論著 3.報紙期刊雜誌 4.古文書 5.工具書 • 取得途徑 1.政府機關 2.圖書館 3.寺廟及宗祠 4.地方文史工作室 5.電腦網際網路

  14. 地理實察的含意 • 在田野從事地理方面的實地調查工作 • 方式：研究者透過觀察、測量或詢問 以蒐集資料 • 目的：獲取第一手資料

  15. 地理實察前的準備工作 • 選定實察主題和地區 • 蒐集、研讀相關資料 • 擬定實察計畫 1.日期 2.路線 3.交通工具 4.住宿地點 5.選定地圖 6.準備實察用具 7.實察項目表

  16. 地理實察工作 • 在地圖上定位、記錄 • 根據實察項目觀察、測量、訪問， 並隨時作記錄 • 實察結束後 1.整理田野筆記和填圖資料 2.繪製圖表、地圖 3.撰寫報告

  17. 方向的量測 – 使用羅盤

  18. 地理實察類型 • 因研究問題的性質和區域的大小而異 • 兩種類型

  19. 地理實察的設計Design of Fieldwork • Why目標 • What 內容 • Who 對象 • When 時間 • Where 地點 • Which 材料 • How 方法和步驟

  20. 問卷設計之基本概念 • 題目類型 • 受訪者性質 • 問卷編製過程 • 問卷的信度與效度

  21. 問卷設計 Questionnaire design • 設計目的 1.調查個人的行為、意見和態度 2.以蒐集第一手資料為主 • 問卷品質影響資料的可靠性和正確性 • 問卷內容 1.研究目的 2.個人基本資料 3.填表說明 4.題目 • 設計之基本概念

  22. 問卷題目之類型

  23. 問卷編製過程的步驟 • 決定資料蒐集範圍 • 決定題目類型 • 撰寫題目之原則 • 修訂問卷 • 預試 • 編輯問卷與填表說明

  24. 問卷題目之撰寫 • 題目是問卷核心 • 編寫原則 1.題意明確 2.使用肯定語句 3.避免引導性或假設性語句 4.不涉私人或敏感話題 5.答案選項完整、無重疊或互斥 6.一個問題一個概念 • 題目之排列 1.由易而難 2.由事實、行為而意見、態度 3.按時間、先後順序排列

  25. 問卷的效度與信度 • 效度 1.問卷題目與研究目的之符合程度 2.提高之法 • 信度 1.同一個受訪者在不同的時間 或不同的情境下，答作同一 問卷，所得結果的一致性 2.提高之法

  26. 問卷調查的實施 • 實施方式 1.郵寄 2.電話訪談 3.親自訪談 4.小組作答 5.抽樣 a.適用時機：研究對象人數龐大時 b.作法：根據樣本調查，推論結果 c.樣本是否具有代表性，影響結論之 正確度

  27. Tuning into Place Acclimitisation aesthetic Our future rests on our ability to understand our planet Earth and its environment, as well as to care, to respect, and to act. experiential affective spiritual

  28. Planning Issues F undingI CT? E qual opportunities L egislation? D esign? W here? When?O rganisations? R isk assessment? K inaesthetic learning, etc.

  29. Risk Assessment • Degree of Risk (ie, what could happen …) • Probability of happening (ie, how likely is it) • Consider the risks • Consider the severity • Make judgement: • Acceptable risk (teacher behavior) • Don’t do it • Change it

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