Program : B.Sc/MSc Course Title : Pan-Africanism and Development

1. Program: B.Sc/MSc Course Title: Pan-Africanism and Development Course Code: PAID512/PAID112 Total Credits: 1.5 Total lecture Hours: 7.5 Course Lecturer: Uwem Essia

2. COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE Course Description • The origin of Pan-Africanism; founding fathers, and Pan-African conferences and meetings. Pre-World War II orientation of Pan-Africanism. • Post-World War II Pan-Africanist thought; advent of the Africanist school, and the birth of OAU (AU) and its evolving role. • The challenges of development facing African countries and the people, and how to render Pan Africanism more relevant.

3. COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..1 Pedagogic Goal • The students appreciate and develop interest in pan Africanist thought. Pedagogic Objectives • Students understand the origins of Pan-Africanism, particularly Duboisism and Garveyism. • Students are able to identify the existing gaps in the pan-Africanist literature and how to align Pan-Africanism towards solving Africa’s problems. Learning Objectives • Students understand the motivation and context of the pre-World War II Pan Africanist literature. • The factors that led to post –World War II Pan-Africanist thought. • The post 1980 development crises faced by different African countries explained. • The need to reconstruct pan –Africanism to address the development needs of African people and countries articulated.

4. COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..2 Learning Outcomes • Pan-Africanist thought that address the development needs of Africans popularized. • Students increase commitment to seeing Africa’s development problems as having its internal logic, and not through the lens of western development theories. • Students conduct more researches on the most appropriate ways that African countries and Pan-African institutions can support a pro-development pan Africanist scholarship. Content Section 1: Origin of Pan-Africanism 1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist Thought 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism 1.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings

5. COURSE OVERVIEW AND OUTLINE ..3 Section 2: Post World War II Afro-centricity • 2.1. Rise of the Africanist School • 2.2. The Transition into Afro-Pessimism (the post 1980 era) • 2.3. African Renaissance Section Three: Africa’s Economic Backwardness 3.1. The Challenge of Leadership 3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism 3.3. Role of the African Union Section 4: Restructuring Pan-Africanism Bibliography

6. SECTION 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM 1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist Thought From the Diaspora • Pan-Africanism was an ideology that aimed to dignify the black people. • It served as a political and cultural link to Africa that the Diaspora population sentimentally desired. • A platform to support the demand for fair treatment of the Negro population. • The basis for Pan-Africanist sentiments was specie ontology and not social ontology. • The beginning point was the inequities and injustices associated with slave trade. • The African Diaspora used the inequities as a weapon for rallying support for identity and affinity with Africa.

7. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..1 1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist Thought In Africa • Pan-Africanism provided the collective platform for the pro-independence struggle. • As more countries gained independence, the focus shifted to Afrocentric leadership and scholarship. • The focus was on the sober and humanist analyses of the African narrative to arouse global sympathy. • Pan-Africanism occupied a statist platform that promoted the independence of all African states.

8. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..2 1.1. The Pre-Independence Pan-Africanist Thought The ideology • What was common in the Pan African literature was ending colonialism and racial oppression. • Improving the living condition of the Africans was canvassed, but not well articulated. • Alternative models of development for Africa were not promoted. • Pan-Africanism aimed at attracting the sympathy of the very oppressive colonists. • Not much was discussed on how the African countries can be developed.

9. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..3 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). • Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan Africanist, author and editor. • He was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He grew up in a fairly tolerant and integrated community. • He studied at the University of Berlin and Harvard, and was the first African American to earn a doctorate. • He became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. • Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. • DuBoiscan be described as the leading founding father of Pan-Africanism.

10. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM ..4 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). • DuBois saw Africa as one united continent since the Diaspora blacks could not trace their particular roots. • He adopted a holistic view of the African Diaspora as being part of the suffering working people. • Using the Marxian framework, he conceptualized Africans as part of the working poor that are exploited by capitalists. • He argued that black people shared a common destiny with other working poor people. • He forged for the organic unity of all the oppressed people, whether black or white.

11. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM .. 5 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). • In his view, as long as black laborers remained as slaves, white laborers cannot be free. • He believed that the pan African movement will be strengthened in a more democratic world. • DuBois attracted support for the African cause through his holistic approach. • The Indians, Chinese, Latin American countries and others united to fight for Africa’s freedom. • Africa’s freedom also because a component of the grand communist struggle.

12. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …6 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). • George Washington argued however that working people were getting trained for vocational jobs. • His view was shared by George Padmore who saw pan-Africanism (that is, the focus on the identity of black people), as divisive.

13. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM… 7 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) • Garvey was a Jamaican politician, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. • He supported Black Nationalism and Pan Africanism movements. • He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) • He also founded the Black Star Line that promoted the return of the African diaspora to Africa.

14. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …8 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) • Garvey, saw no future for the African Diaspora in the Western countries. • He likened the African Diaspora to the Biblical Israelites that were held in captivity in Babylon. • He therefore advocated for their movement back to Africa. • Garveyism is the profound response to the inequities and frustrations of racism. • Garvey believed that Africa was for all the Africans. • Garvey’s work inspired Kwame Nkrumah immensely. • Compare and contrast DuBoism and Garveyism as leading drivers of modern pan-Africanism thought. Which of the two do you consider more sustainable?

15. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …9 1.2. Founding Fathers of Pan-Africanism Kwame Nkrumah (1909 – 27 April 1972) • Nkrumah led Ghana to independence in 1957 and served as its first Prime Minister and President. • Nkrumah was deposed in 1966. • He can be described as an influential 20th-century advocate of Pan Africanism. • He was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). • He was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. He envisioned himself as an African Lenin.

16. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …10 1.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings • First Pan African Conference was in London in July 1900. • It discussed the struggle against racism, rights of the black Diaspora and freedom for the African colonies. • First pan African meeting was held in February 1919 in Paris at the instance of DuBois. • It discussed slavery, dignity for the black working class, and Africans' rights to participate in government. • Second Pan African Conference was held simultaneously in London, Paris and Brussels. • It adopted the "London Manifesto" which focused on the rights of the Negro people.

17. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …11 1.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings • Third Pan African Congresswas in London (November and December 1923). • Emphasized land rights, control over produce, and the right to political representation of the black people. • Fourth Pan African Congressheld in New York in August 1927 • Emphasized the need for African countries to build stronger ties with the then USSR. • Fifth Pan African Congresswas held in Manchester in October 1945. • It took far-reaching decisions on how to confront colonialism. • Clamor for the rights and freedom of African countries.

18. 1. ORIGIN OF PAN-AFRICANISM …12 1.3. The Pan African Conferences and Meetings • First Pan African Meeting held on the African soil took place in 1958 in Accra. • Focused on the fight for the independence of Africa from colonialism • Sixth Pan African Congress held in June 1974 in Dar-es-Salaam with 52 delegates mainly from Africa Diaspora. • Focused on class struggle, neocolonialism, imperial­ism and underdevelopment. • However the machinery to confront all those problems was not put in place. • Seventh Pan African Congressheld in Uganda in 1993. • Discussed the strategies for post independence pan Africanism. • What roles should government , and the people and donors play.

19. REVIEW QUESTIONS • Explain the various factors that motivated and influenced pre-independence Pan-Africanist thought. • Explain the key contributions of WEB Du Bois to modern Pan Africanism. • Review Kwame Nkrumah’s contributions to Pan-Africanism movement in Africa. • Outline and explain the focus of at least 4 of the different Pan African Conferences and Meetings. • Do you agree that the pre-independence Pan-Africanism was pre-occupied with attracting sympathy from the very colonists that oppressed black people.

20. SECTION 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY 2.1. Rise of the Africanist School • Three developments impacted on post-World War II pan-Africanism: • The intellectual construction of black people as a backward race. • Shift of focus from colonization to modernizing the former colonies. • Interest in Area Studies (village and zone) by international development partners and donors. • The Africanist school was the dominant infrastructure of knowledge for ‘developing’ Africa. • Prescriptions of the Africanist school followed the Western epistemological order. • Research and scholarship generally worked from the answer to the problem. • To Gerald Myers, Afro-centricity meant understanding the old world of Africa in a new sense.

21. 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..1 2.1. Rise of the Africanist School • The Africanist school believed that low capital formation caused Africa’s underdevelopment. • This was the period when African countries received aid from both the Eastern and the Western blocs. • It was argued that Africa needed a good dose of FDI to stimulate growth. • Reliance on foreign aid and loans promoted the culture of dependence. • African countries became net exporters of primary produce and importers of finished goods.

22. 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY..2 2.2. The Transition into Afro-Pessimism (the post 1980 era) • The Africanist development doctrine promoted import addiction and unsustainable public spending. • Solutions were found in the implementation of austerity measures and structural adjustment programs (SAPs). • What followed were series of strikes, riots, wars, hunger and mounting debt crisis. • The education system failed to deliver employable graduates. • A leading Afro-pessimist, Ali Mazrui, indeed proposed that small African countries needed to be re-colonized. • The AU project has been characterized by the signing of treaties with little done to achieve economic development. • Many African scholars began to clamor for alternative development models for Africa.

23. 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..3 2.3. African Renaissance • The African Renaissance Institute (ARI) was founded in 1999 with headquarters in Gaborone, Botswana. • The ARI seeks to gather a critical mass of African scientists to promote Africa’s development. • The African Renaissance concept was popularized by former South African President Thabo Mbeki. • Mbeki noted that social cohesion, democracy, economic rebuilding was important to Africa’s emergence as a significant global player.

24. 2: POST WORLD WAR II AFRO-CENTRICITY ..4 2.3. African Renaissance • The AR project of the AU has focused on promoting the utilization of indigenous languages. • AU has strengthened the work of the Centre for Linguistic and Historical Studies by Oral Tradition (CELHTO), based in Niamey, Niger. • The Charter for African Cultural Renaissance was adopted in Khartoum, Sudan on 24th January 2006. • The Charter is a cultural tool to promote Pan-Africanism spirit and fight against poverty. • The Pan –African Festival was held in Algiers, Algeria in 2009. • The AR Monument is located on Collines des Mamelles, outside of Dakar in Senegal.

25. REVIEW QUESTIONS • Discuss the leading developments that influenced post-World War II pan –African thought • Explain in detail how the ideology of the pan-Africanist school contributed to make African countries net exporters of primary produce and importers of finished goods. • What features characterized pan Africanism in the post 1980 era? • Critically examine the African Renaissance project of the African Union. To what extend does it address the key development requirements of African countries.

26. SECTION 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS 3.1. The Challenge of Leadership • Progress has been made in several areas, but Africa is still one of the poorest regions of the world. • Africa has now become synonymous with poverty, diseases, unemployment and ethnic conflicts. • Many African countries are unable to convert their natural resource endowment into growth promoting assets. • Africa lacks a science and technology strategy to promote economic growth and competitiveness. • Africa’s failed development experiences are a portrayal of its leaders’ insensitivity, and incompetence. • Recent neo-Africanist literature still blames the failed leadership to Africa’s interaction with the colonists.

27. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..1 3.1. The Challenge of Leadership • African leaders are unable to promote an integrative development roadmap for the region. • The enabling environment for developing networks of continental infrastructures is lacking. • Failed development has caused many Africans to emigrate to Europe and America. • Disturbing experiences of corruption, diseases, terrorism and authoritarianism are widespread. • More Africans are compelled to argue that living under colonial role was more preferred. • Africa’s per capita income (about $600 per year) is among the lowest in the world.

28. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..2 3.1. The Challenge of Leadership • However, many MNCs still consider Africa a favorable destination to do business. • Accordingly, many neo-Africanist writers argue that Afro-pessimism is an inverted ideology. • African countries are largely polarized along post-colonial lines – e.g. Anglophones and Francophone. • Cross-border trade is constrained by poor infrastructures and other unnecessary barriers. • The countries and sub-region in Africa are politically, socially and religiously divided.

29. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..3 3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism • Since the 1950s African countries have experimented with several formal sub-regional groups. • In 2005 African leaders consider implementation of an African Union Government. • The Union desired an economic and monetary union, and a common foreign and defense policy. • Ultimately the idea was to become a single economic bloc like the European Community. • But it is doubtful is a United States of Africa as envisaged by Gadafi will solve Africa’s problems.

30. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..4 3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism • Apart from the logistic required, African leaders will hardly surrender sovereignty. • A more practical solution is for form viable continental platforms that connect businesses and groups. • E.g., the manufacturers associations of the different African countries can build cross-border value chains. • The central banks create guidelines to ease cross convertibility of African currencies. • Networking of private entrepreneurs and business groups, supported by governments can do a lot. • It is possible to achieve collective self-reliance and reduce dependence on imports from other continents.

31. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..5 3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism • Striving to achieve economic Integration first can make political integration, if indeed desirable, less difficult. • But the fact that African countries tend to produce similar goods must be dealt with. • There is need for a clear Pan-Africanist economic ideology and entry points for partnerships. • The traditional Pan-Africanist bulk-passing to former colonist is now defunct. • Contemporary pan-Africanism should aim to empower African peoples and eliminate poverty.

32. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..6 3.2. Economic Integration and Pan-Africanism • Africa will develop faster with stronger regional and cross-border economies. • Stronger business ties will strengthen the states’ collective bargaining power in global trade. • At present the multiplicity of regional economic communities (RECs) has been more divisive. • Equally, poor convertibility of African currencies has made more cross-border trade difficult.

33. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS ..7 3.3. Role of the African Union • AU has enhanced the cohesion, solidarity and integration of the countries and peoples of Africa. • Formation of NEPAD in 2001 strengthened Africa’s capacity to deal with its development challenges. • The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) has made African leadership more accountable. • But effective collaboration among African countries has remained a major challenge. • An effective and mutually beneficial framework for economic collaboration is urgently required.

34. 3: AFRICA’S ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS .8 3.2. Role of the African Union • Africans must overcome the colonial idiosyncrasies that have worked against genuine intra-African cooperation. • Sound cross-border transportation systems and IT connectivity will support the continent’s growth. • The AU/NEPAD need a policy framework and blueprint to deal with the multifaceted crisis within Africa. • What should “development” be in the African context needs to be well defined with appropriate performance indicators. • NEPAD/AU should have a common front for dealing with the Economic Partnerships Agreement (EPAs). • EPAs regulate trade between EU and the ACP to replace the Cotonou Agreement. • Critics of EPAs think that it has negative impacts on the integration of African economies.

35. REVIEW QUESTIONS • Is it correct to blame Africa’s backwardness on colonialism? • Africa’s backwardness is directly related corrupt and insensitive leadership. Discuss. • To what extent is Africa’s backwardness linked to polarization of the continent along former colonial lines? • Discuss the key factors that inhibit regional integration in Africa • Discuss the key factors that inhibit cross border trade in Africa

36. SECTION 4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM • Pan-Africanism must be founded on the view that only Africans can sustainably develop Africa. • Western approaches will continue to be useful, but there is need for an African way of seeing things. • Africans should strive to re-invent their traditions, poetry, philosophy and languages. • African people should nurture philosophies and ideologies that support their development. • Pan-Africanism should remain an African dream, to develop Africa using mainly its resources. • The African project should no longer be the brainchild of African diaspora intellectuals.

37. 4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM ..1 • Pan-Africanism should focus on Africa’s current development challenges. • Pan-Africanism has to be a vehicle of development. it should strive to build cooperative economies. • Colonial systems need to be restructured to suit Africa’s development needs. • Democracy should be re-engineered to suit the psyche of African people. • Development has to center around collective self-reliance, intra-African trade, and convertibility of African currencies. • Modernization should not amount to ignoring useful cultural norms, values and practices.

38. 4: RESTRUCTURING PAN-AFRICANISM ..2 • The agenda of AU should focus on reducing Africa’s dependence on external markets. • Supporting South-South cooperation is important. • Promoting strategic partnership with India, China, South Korea, Turkey, Brazil, etc. is essential. • Issues of language, culture, democracy and literature should be left to individual countries. • It should be clear that dealing with poverty will open several new doors. • NEPAD - CAADP and other initiatives of the AU need to be rendered more context relevant.

39. REVIEW QUESTIONS • Pan-Africanism must be founded on the view that only Africans can sustainably develop Africa. Discuss. • Democracy should be re-engineered to suit the psyche of African people. Discuss. • Do you share the view that the current focus of Pan Africanism should be the socioeconomic development and political stability of African countries. • Discuss the contribution of NEPAD – CAADP to economic development of African countries.

40. Bibliography • AbubakarMomoh (2003) Does Pan-Africanism Have a Future in Africa? I n Search of the ldeational Basis of Afro- Pessimism African Journal of Political Science 8(1) • Colin, Legum(1965) Pan-africanism A short political guide • Revised edition, Praeger, New york • AU ECHO (2013) PAN-AFRICANISM AND AFRICAN RENAISSANCE Special Edition for the 20th AU Summit Issue 05, January 27 • P. OlisaNwuche and E. Esoebe (1994) Pan-Africanism -The Idea and Movement, I-III 2nd Ed. Howard University Press Washington DC, • B.F. Bankie & K. Mchombu (2008) Pan-Africanism African Nationalism Strengthening the Unity of Africa and its Diaspora First Africa World Press, ERITREA • James C.L.R. (undated) REFLECTIONS ON PAN-AFRICANISM Part 1 • AU Compendium Oxfam International 2 (undated) • Adogamhe, Paul G. (2008) Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity • and Development African Review of Integration 2(2) July • Brandon Kendhammer (2007) DuBois the pan-Africanist and the development of African nationalism. The Historical and Ideological Foundations of Pan-Africanism. Institute of Development & Education for Africa DOI: 10.1080/01419870601006538 • Alistair Boddy-Evans (undated) What is Pan-Africanism? How has Pan-Africanism developed into a modern socio-political movement?