Extra Credit Procedures

1. Extra Credit Procedures • Receive Stamp for Completing on time • Grade your answers using the answer sheets (come in outside of class to grade: Mon & Wed.) • MC: write correct response, key term, pg ref. • Give the overall raw score • Essay responses: highlight correct rersponses **Write in added concepts not mentioned in your response • Complete the grading by Jan 20th Receive 2nd stamp • Turn in clean copy of the test(s) • Point value: 15 pts for each Test

2. Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #1 • Give three important properties of water • How is an amino acid different from a nucleic acid? • Explain how a carbohydrate is different from a lipid? Give three examples of each. • How is glycolysis different from the Kreb Cycle? • Give three differences between Mitosis and Meiosis • Why is cholesterol an important part of a membrane? • How can you tell if genes are linked? • Name three aneuploidy conditions and three Autosomal recessive disorders we discussed.

3. Review of Concepts (Ch. 1-15)-IQ #1 • Put these scientists in the proper Historical sequence according to their key discoveries. Generate a timeline labeling each person on it with the date. Sumner Meselson & Stahl Morgan Peter Mitchell Garrod Hershey & Chase Griffith Singer & Nicholson Meissner Watson & Crick Frye & Edidin Avery, Macloed, & McCarty

4. Timeline for IQ #1 • Meissner (1868) • Garrod (1908) • Morgan (1910) • Sumner (1926) • Griffith (1928) • Avery, McCloed, & Macarty (1944) • Hershey & Chase (1952) • Watson & Crick (1953) • Meselson & Stahl (1958) • Peter Mitchell (1961) • Frye & Edidin (1970) • Singer & Nicholson (1972)

5. IQ #1 Cont’d 10) For each enzyme determine the process it is involved with and what it specifically does. Eco R1, Hind III, and BAM I Helicase Telomerase Lactase DNA Polymerase SSBP’s Aminoacetyl-tRNA synthetase DNA ligase Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk’s) Dehydrogenase (name two) ATP synthase Pyruvate kinase Kinase (name two from Glycolysis)

6. Expected Results

7. Chapter 17~ Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

8. Introductory Questions #2 • Why is evolution such a controversial subject? • Name the key founders (original people) for the idea evolution. • Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. • Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as he developed his theory. • Name the four key observations Darwin made. • Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct” evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered? • What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

9. Introductory Questions #3 • What is meant by homoplastic features? • Organisms that are from separate ancestries adapt to their environments similarly from similar structures. This is an example of . • How many vestigial structures have been observed in humans. Name three of them. • Why is biogeography (distribution of species) important evidence for evolution? • Why is the chimpanzee considered to be the closest living relative of humans? • How is a phylogenetic tree generated and what sort of information does it provide?

10. Linnaeus: taxonomy Hutton: gradualism Lamarck: evolution Malthus: populations Cuvier: Paleontology Lyell: uniformitarianism Darwin: evolution Mendel: inheritance Wallace: evolution Evolutionary History

11. Influences on Darwin’s Theory • Lyell (Geologist) • Earth was ancient & ever- changing

12. Influences on Darwin’s Theory • Malthus (Economist) • “Survival of the Fittest” • Political & Philosophical Renaissance

13. Evolution Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations Natural selection: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) Evolutionary adaptations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction November 24, 1859

14. Descent with Modification 4 Observations: -Variation -Overproduction -Limits to population -Differential Reproductive success

15. Galapagos Islands • Noted subtle differences in finches & tortoises, by island & compared to mainland

17. Phylogenetic Tree of Darwin’s Finches

18. Common Ancestory

19. Introductory Questions #2 • Why is evolution such a controversial subject? • Name the key founders (original people) for the idea evolution. • Name four major pieces of evidence that Darwin considered in formulating his theory of natural selection. • Name three people that influenced Darwin’s thinking as he developed his theory. • Name the four key observations Darwin made. • Why is fossil evidence considered the “most direct” evidence for evolution? Approximantly, how many fossil species have been discovered? • What are the three methods for generating a date of a fossil?

20. Major pieces of Evidence for Evolution • Biogeography • Comparative Anatomy (homologous structures) • Comparative Embryology • Fossils Post Darwin: “Neo Darwinism” also called synthetic theory • Molecular Genetics: DNA/Amino acid Sequencing • Chromosomal Changes • Mutations

21. Evolution evidence: Biogeography • Geographical distribution of species • Examples: Islands vs. Mainland Australia Continents

22. Evolution Evidence: Comparative Anatomy • Homologous structures (homology) • Descent from a common ancestor • Vestigial organs Ex: whale/snake hindlimbs; wings on flightless birds

23. Convergent Evolution due to similar niches Analogous Structures

24. Evolution Evidence: Comparative Embryology • Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos

25. Evolution Evidence: Molecular Biology • Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products • Common genetic code

26. Molecular evidence for common Ancestry

27. Evolution Evidence: The Fossil Record • Succession of forms over time • Transitional links • Vertebrate descent

28. Fossil Evidence Fossils: remains and traces left behind by organisms -most direct evidence for evolution -provides a record of ancient organisms that have existed -able to generate a timeline -observe the presence of vestigial structures -ancestral descent and lineages can be generated -more aquatic fossils vs. terrestrial have been found Types of Fossils: imprints, hair, nails, tissue, and other remains Locations: sedimentary rock, ice, amber, tar, quicksand, petrification

29. Dating Fossils • Location within the rock strata (use index fossil) • Radioactive isotopes (half-life) • K40 half life is 1.3 billion years argon • U235 half life is 704 million years → lead • U238 half life is 4.5 billion → lead • C14 half life is 5730 years  nitrogen

30. Extinct Whale w/ small hind limbs

31. Evolution of the Horse

32. Key Points to Remember • A population evolves not an individual organism • The accumulation of small changes over long periods of time results in larger changes • A new species emerges with slightly different characteristics usually because of being isolated. • How and why organisms are able to transmit heritable traits to the next generation was not explained by Darwin.

33. Final words…... • “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”