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Warm up

Warm up. D raw the Lewis structure for ozone, O 3 . What does the word hybridization mean? Use your own words. Warm up. Warm up. Resonance. A resonance structure is a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures.

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Warm up

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  1. Warm up • Draw the Lewis structure for ozone, O3. • What does the word hybridization mean? Use your own words.

  2. Warm up

  3. Warm up

  4. Resonance A resonance structure is a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures. In the case of ozone, neither structure actually exists, but rather the actual bonding is an average of the two structures.

  5. Resonance: Ozone

  6. Resonance: Phosphate

  7. Resonance: Phosphate

  8. Warm up Definition of hybridization ….

  9. Hybridization • Learn what a sigma bond looks like • Learn what a pi bond looks like • -Understand the concept of orbital hybridization and how it changes the bonding in an atom such as carbon

  10. Sigma Bond When two atomic orbitals combine to form a bond along the axis between two atoms … we call it a sigma bond (s)

  11. Sigma Bond

  12. Pi Bond When two “p” orbitals combine side by side we say they overlap to form a pi (P) bond Pi bonds exist when we have double and triple bonds

  13. Pi Bond

  14. What does this all mean? Single bond – 1 sigma bond Double bond – 1 sigma and 1 pi bond Triple bond – 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds

  15. The electron structure of a carbon atom can be written as: Based on this model, we would predict that carbon atoms should form two covalent bonds??!!

  16. Instead carbon atoms almost always form 4 bonds. Why???? Hybridization

  17. Hybridized Carbon Aufbau Diagram Regular Carbon Aufbau Diagram hybridization 1 s + 3 p = 4 sp3 (All 4 orbitals are now equal at the 2nd energy level)

  18. Electrons must be distributed among the new orbitals. Since these hybrid orbitals are equal in energy, the electrons must distributed according to Hund’s Rule.

  19. 4 sp3 orbitals

  20. 4 sp3 orbitals bond with4 hydrogen atoms - methane Overlap here is known as sigma bond sp3 carbon

  21. Let’s predict what sp2 hybridization around a carbon might look like? Take out your white boards

  22. sp2 hybridization

  23. sp2 hybridizationcarbon double bond - ethene

  24. Can you predict sp geometry around a carbon?

  25. sp hybridization

  26. sp hybridizationcarbon triple bond - acetylene

  27. sp hybridizationcarbon triple bond - acetylene 234-236 in your text discusses these examples

  28. Summary sp3 hybridization involves single-bonded carbon sp2 hybridization involves double-bonded carbon sphybridization involves triple-bonded carbon

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