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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion. Defining Motivation, and a Model. Dynamics of behavior; the ways in which actions are initiated, sustained, directed, and terminated. A Model of Motivation. Model of how motivated activities work Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive

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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

  2. Defining Motivation, and a Model • Dynamics of behavior; the ways in which actions are initiated, sustained, directed, and terminated

  3. A Model of Motivation • Model of how motivated activities work • Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive • Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst; activates a response) • Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a goal • Goal: Target of motivated behavior

  4. Types of Motives • Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need • Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs that must be met to survive • Stimulus Motive: Needs for stimulation and information; appear to be innate, but not necessary for survival • Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

  5. Figure 10.1

  6. Hunger: Big Mac Attack? • Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance • Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior • Feeding System: Area in the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, initiates eating • Satiety System: Area in the hypothalamus that terminates eating

  7. Figure 10.3

  8. Figure 10.4

  9. More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?) • Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the brain that initiates eating • Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eating • Set Point: Proportion of body fat that is maintained by changes in hunger and eating; point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight

  10. The Final Word on Eating Behavior • Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that inhibits eating • External Eating Cues: External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed (like Homer Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!) • Signs and signals linked with food

  11. Figure 10.6

  12. Figure 10.7

  13. Behavioral Dieting • Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvation • Some keys • Start with a complete physical • Exercise • Be committed to weight loss

  14. Behavioral Dieting (cont.) • Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart of daily progress • Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your plate • Avoid snacks • Learn to weaken personal eating cues

  15. Taste • Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular food • VERYdifficult to overcome

  16. Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa • Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins • Control issues seem to be involved • Very difficult to effectively treat • Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females

  17. Anorexia Nervosa

  18. Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa • Excessive eating (binging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives • Difficult to treat • Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa • Overwhelmingly affects females

  19. Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa • Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is true! • Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics with perfect control • Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight

  20. Thirst • Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of your body • Best satisfied by drinking slightly salty liquid • Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell • Best satisfied by drinking water

  21. Pain Avoidance • An episodic drive: • Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur

  22. Sex Drive • Estrus: Changes in animals that create a desire for sex; females in heat • Estrogen: A female sex hormone • Androgens: Male sex hormones

  23. Stimulus Drives • Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input • Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, level of arousal • Arousal: Activation of the body and nervous system • Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on “Fear Factor”)

  24. Yerkes-Dodson Law • If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance

  25. Figure 10.9

  26. How to Cope with Test Anxiety • Preparation • Relaxation • Rehearsal • Restructuring thoughts

  27. Learned Motives • Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture • Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet or exceed some internal standard of excellence • Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over others

  28. Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will influence your behavior to a greater degree

  29. Maslow’s Human Needs • Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy • Lower needs tend to be more potent (“prepotent”) than higher needs • Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-actualization • Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

  30. Figure 10.10

  31. Types of Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity • Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors

  32. Emotions • State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings • Adaptive Behaviors: Actions that aid our attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions • Physiological Changes (In emotions): Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses

  33. More Terms to Know • Adrenaline: Hormone produced by adrenal glands that arouses the body • Emotional Expressions: Outward signs of what a person is feeling • Emotional Feelings: A person’s private emotional experience

  34. Primary Emotions and Mood • Eight primary emotions (Plutchik, 2001) • Fear • Surprise • Sadness • Disgust

  35. Primary Emotions and Mood Concluded • Anger • Anticipation • Joy • Trust • Mood: Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state

  36. Figure 10.11

  37. Figure 10.12

  38. Brain and Emotion • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that connects brain with internal organs and glands • Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action • Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy • Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to intense emotion

  39. Figure 10.13

  40. Lie Detectors • Polygraph: Device that records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector • GSR: Measures sweating

  41. Types of Polygraph Questions • Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a polygraph test • Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone guilty should react • Control Questions: Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g., “Have you ever taken any office supplies?”)

  42. Body Language (Kinesics) • Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions • Emotional Tone: Underlying emotional state • Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions

  43. Three Types of Facial Expressions • Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure • Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a person or object • Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing

  44. Figure 10.15

  45. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal • Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously

  46. Schachter’s Cognitive Theory • Emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues

  47. Attribution • Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events; attributing arousal to a certain source • Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial expressions and becoming aware of them is what leads to the emotion someone feels

  48. Figure 10.17

  49. A Modern View of Emotion • Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a stimulus or situation • Emotional Intelligence: Emotional competence, including empathy, self-control, self-awareness, and other skills

  50. Critical Emotional Intelligence Skills • Self-awareness • Empathy • Managing emotions • Understanding emotions

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