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WORD FORMATION

UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL 1 PROFESSORA SONIA SILVA. WORD FORMATION. ALUNOS: CARLOS EDUARDO SOUSA DUARTE ALLAN MAGALHÃES CAROLINE OSIRO. OBJETIVOS. Apresentar alguns tipos de formação de palavras da Língua Inglesa

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WORD FORMATION

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  1. UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INGLÊS INSTRUMENTAL 1 PROFESSORA SONIA SILVA WORD FORMATION ALUNOS: CARLOS EDUARDO SOUSA DUARTE ALLAN MAGALHÃES CAROLINE OSIRO

  2. OBJETIVOS • Apresentar alguns tipos de formação de palavras da Língua Inglesa • Mostrar exemplos de formação de palavras contextualizados

  3. SUMÁRIO • INTRODUÇÃO • DESENVOLVIMENTO • AFFIXATION • COMPOUNDING • CONCLUSÃO • EXEMPLOS

  4. INTRODUÇÃO O estudo da formação de palavras, morfologia, mostra a flexibilidade da língua, que permite ao falante nativo transferir palavras de uma categoria para outra, por meio de afixos, por exemplo. Como as regras de formação de palavras não se aplicam a todas as palavras, servindo apenas àquelas com uso consagrado na língua, para quem aprende inglês, ajuda apenas no reconhecimento de palavras, não sendo tão útil na produção das mesmas. Logo, no estudo e aprendizado de línguas, mais vale o processo de assimilação natural (acquisition) do que o estudo formal (learning), por ser mais eficaz.

  5. “A utilidade de se conhecer as principais regras de formação de palavras, do ponto de vista daquele que está desenvolvendo familiaridade com inglês, está no fato de que este conhecimento permite a identificação da provável categoria gramatical mesmo quando não se conhece a palavra no seu significado, o que é de grande utilidade na interpretação de textos.” (Schütz, 2006)

  6. São 3 os processos de formação de palavras: • AFFIXATION: É a adição de prefixos e sufixos. Ex: pleasant - unpleasant, meaning - meaningful - meaningless. • CONVERSION: É a adoção da palavra em outra categoria gramatical sem qualquer transformação. Ex: drive (verbo) - drive (substantivo) • COMPOUNDING: Refere-se à junção de duas palavras para formar uma terceira. • Ex: tea + pot = teapot, arm + chair = armchair

  7. AFFIXATION: Dos dois tipos de afixos em inglês - prefixos e sufixos, - sufixos são aqueles que apresentam maior produtividade, isto é, a porcentagem de incidência é mais alta. Sufixos têm a função de transformar a categoria gramatical das palavras a que se aplicam. Isto é, um determinado sufixo será sempre aplicado a uma determinada categoria de palavra e resultará sempre numa outra determinada categoria. Prefixos, por sua vez, normalmente não alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra-base a que se aplicam. Seu papel é predominantemente semântico, isto é, eles alteram o significado da base.

  8. SUFIXOS • NOUN + ...ful= ADJECTIVE (significando full of …, having …) • NOUN + ...less = ADJECTIVE (significando without …)

  9. COUNT NOUN + …hood = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN • COUNT NOUN + …ship = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN

  10. ADJECTIVE + …ness = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN • ADJECTIVE + …ity= ABSTRACT NOUN Uma vez que a origem deste sufixo é o latim, as palavras a que se aplica são na grande maioria de origem latina, mostrando uma grande semelhança com o português.

  11. VERB + …tion (…sion) = NOUN Equivalente ao sufixo ...ção do português. A origem deste sufixo é o latim. Portanto, as palavras a que se aplica são na grande maioria de origem latina, mostrando uma grande semelhança e equivalência com o português • VERB + …er= NOUN (significando o agente da ação)

  12. VERB + …able (...ible) = ADJECTIVE O mesmo que o sufixo …ável ou …ível do português. Sua origem é o sufixo _abilis do latim, que significa capaz de, merecedor de. • VERB + …ive (…ative) = ADJECTIVE • o mesmo que o sufixo …tivo ou …ível do português. Sua origem é o sufixo _ivus do latim, que significa ter a capacidade de.

  13. ADJECTIVE + …ly= ADVERB o mesmo que o sufixo …mente do português

  14. PREFIXOSNEGATIVE PREFIXES • UN_ • Meaning: the opposite of, the absence of, not (oposto) • Added to: adjectives and participles • NON • Meaning: not • Added to: nouns, adjectives, adverbs

  15. IN_ (IL_, IM_, IR_) • Meaning: theopposite • DIS_ • Meaning: the opposite of, not • Added to: adjectives, verbs, abstract nouns

  16. A_ • Meaning: lacking in, lack of ( falta de) • Added to: adjectives, nouns

  17. PREFIXOSREVERSATIVE PREFIXES • UN_ • Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of( açãoreversaaocontrário) • Added to: verbs (1), nouns (2) • DE_ • Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of, to release from (2) • Added to: verbs, nouns

  18. DIS_ • Meaning: to reverse the action (1), lacking (2) • Added to: verbs (1), adjectives (2)

  19. PREFIXOSPEJORATIVE PREFIXES • MIS_ • Meaning: wrongly, astray ( erroneamente ) • Added to: verbs, participles, abstract nouns • MAL_ • Meaning: badly, bad (mal ) • Added to: verbs, participles, adjectives, abstract nouns

  20. PSEUDO_ • Meaning: false, imitation ( falso ) • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  21. PREFIXOSPREFIXES OF DEGREE OR SIZE • ARCH_ • Meaning: supreme, most ( superior ) • Added to: nouns with human reference • SUPER_ • Meaning: more than, very special, on top ( maisque) • Added to: nouns, adjectives, verbs

  22. OUT_ • Meaning: doing better, surpassing ( fazermelhor ) • Added to: nouns, intransitive verbs • SUR_ • Meaning: over and above ( acima e abaixo ) • Added to: nouns • SUB_ • Meaning: below ( abaixo ) • Added to: adjectives

  23. OVER_ • Meaning: excessive, too much ( excessivo ) • Added to: verbs, adjectives • UNDER_ • Meaning: too little ( muito pouco ) • Added to: verbs, participles • HYPER_ • Meaning: extreme • Added to: adjectives

  24. ULTRA_ • Added to: adjectives, nouns • MINI_ • Meaning: little (pouco) • Added to: nouns • CO_ • Meaning: jointly, on equal basis (juntamente) • Added to: nouns, verbs

  25. PREFIXOSPREFIXES OF ORIENTATION AND ATTITUDE • COUNTER_ • Meaning: against, in opposition to ( inimigo, emoposição de) • Added to: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives • ANTI_ • Meaning: against • Added to: adjectives, nouns

  26. PRO_ • Meaning: for, on the side of , on behalf of, in support of ( de acordo) • Added to: adjectives, nouns • CONTRA_ • Meaning: opposite, contrasting • Added to: nouns, verbs, adjectives

  27. PREFIXOSLOCATIVE PREFIXES • SUPER_ • Meaning: above (abaixo) • Added to: nouns • SUB_ • Meaning: under ( está embaixo) • Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns

  28. INTER_ • Meaning: between, among (entre) • Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns • TRANS_ • Meaning: across, from one place to another ( que segue ) • Added to: adjectives, verbs • FORE_ • Meaning: front part of, front ( frente ) • Added to: nouns

  29. PREFIXOSPREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER • FORE_ • Meaning: before (antes) • Added to: verbs, nouns • PRE_ • Meaning: before • Added to: nouns, adjectives • POST_ • Meaning: after (depois) • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  30. EX_ • Meaning: former (antigo) • Added to: humannouns • RE_ • Meaning: again. Back (de novo) • Added to: verbs, nouns

  31. PREFIXOSNUMBER PREFIXES • UNI_ • Meaning: one • Added to: nouns, adjectives • MONO_ • Meaning: one • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  32. BI_ • Meaning: two • Added to: nouns, adjectives • DI_ • Meaning: two • Added to: nouns, adjectives • TRI_ • Meaning: three • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  33. MULTI_ • Meaning: many • Added to: nouns, adjectives • POLY_ • Meaning: many • Added to: nouns, adjectives • SEMI_ • Meaning: half • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  34. DEMI_ • Meaning: half(used mainly in words of French origin) • Added to: nouns, adjectives • HEMI_ • Meaning: half • Added to: nounsadjectives

  35. PREFIXOSMISCELLANEOUS AND NEO-CLASSICAL PREFIXES • AUTO_ • Meaning: self • Added to: nouns, adjectives • NEO_ • Meaning: new, revived (used for political, artistic, etc, movements) • Added to: nouns, adjectives

  36. PAN_ • Meaning: all, world-wide(used mainly with reference to worl-wide or continent-wide activities) • Added to: nouns, adjectives • PROTO_ • Meaning: first, original • Added to: nouns, adjectives • EXTRA_ • Meaning: outside, beyond, exceptionally • Added to: adjectives

  37. TELE_ • Meaning: distant • Added to: nouns • VICE_ • Meaning: deputy • Added to: nouns

  38. COMPOUNDING • PLAY + GROUND = PLAYGROUND • DOG + HOUSE = DOGHOUSE • FOOT + BALL = FOOTBALL • BUTTER + FLY = BUTTERFLY • SUN + FLOWER = SUNFLOWER • WATER + MELON = WATERMELON • SNOW + MAN = SNOWMAN • BACK + STAGE = BACKSTAGE

  39. COMPOUNDING • COUNT + DOWN = COUNTDOWN • DOWN + TOWN = DOWNTOWN • DOWN + HILL = DOWNHILL • DOWN + LOAD = DOWNLOAD • AIR + LINE = AIRLINE • BORDER + LINE = BORDERLINE • DEAD + LINE = DEADLINE

  40. EXEMPLOS • In the future the public will have a wider choice of television programs. (CHOOSE) • Looking after the health of 700 children is heavy responsibility. (RESPONSIBLE) • Do you have any particular preference where we sit? (PREFER) • The party turned out to be a huge disappointment (DISAPPOINT) • He was fined and disqualified for reckless driving (QUALIFY). • Many people are interested in job satisfaction more than in earning large amount of money (SATISFY). • I hadn’t made a reservation, so I just got on the first flight available. (RESERVE) • You can basically wear what you want but there is an unwritten law that says you must not wear jeans. (WRITE) • The management course is being paid for by the company. (MANAGE) • The police searched the house systematically. (SYSTEM) • She’s a specialist in psychology and human behavior. (BEHAVE) • The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold. (MONEY) • He recovered from his injuries in the naval hospital (NAVY) • The importance of this invention has been extremely overrated. (INVENT) • He is a convinced follower of Chinese communism (FOLLOW) • Jane’s party was more of an endurance test than anything else. (ENDURE) • The government has committed itself to developing renewable sources of energy. (NEW) • He took a job as a sales assistant in a big department store. (ASSIST) • Dickens’s last novel was entitled The Mystery of Edwin Drood. (TITLE) • She has known me for two years now but she still mispronounces my name. (PRONOUNCE)

  41. EXEMPLOS

  42. EXEMPLOS • MY BEDROOM IS MY FAVORITE PLACE IN MY HOUSE • INSIDE THE FARMHOUSE THE COWBOY ATE A CUPCAKE

  43. REFERÊNCIAS • www.bookfill.co.uk • www.sk.com.br/sk-morfo.html • www.inglesvip.com • Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. Essex, UK: Longman, 1972 • Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar ofthe English Language. Longman 1985

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