CHARLEMAGNE

1. CHARLEMAGNE SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. a. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne.

2. CHARLEMAGNE • http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne

3. Charlemagne (c.742-814) • Karl and Charles the Great • medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814 • 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany • embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity • skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goals • 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans • In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe with help of RCC • When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the West • father of Europe.

4. Einhard (c. 775-840), a Frankish scholar and contemporary of Charlemagne, wrote a biography of the emperor after his death • In the work, titled “Vita Karoli Magni (Life of Charles the Great),” he described Charlemagne as “broad and strong in the form of his body and exceptionally tall without, however, exceeding an appropriate measure…His appearance was impressive whether he was sitting or standing despite having a neck that was fat and too short, and a large belly.”

5. Charlemagne was the first Emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the West Roman Empire three centuries earlier.

6. The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.

11. SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • b. Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV.

12. CHRISTIANITY • IN THE MIDDLE AGES… • period of missionary activity and expansion • Monasticism became a powerful force throughout Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of learning • Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structure and administration (operational and governance structure ) • Development of medieval universities • Development of holy orders of RCC, groups which took ministry of church to urban areas • Crusades

13. Pope Gregory VII • best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals

15. HENRY VII • He twice excommunicated Henry, who in the end appointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between the Catholic Church and his empire • The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots. • RESULT: CONCORDAT OF WORMS (VURMS)

16. THE RRC APPOINTS BISHOPS BUT THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, GERMAN KING, COULD VETO. • HENRY IV (4)

17. d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities.

18. TRADE • most of the peasants were involved with industry or trade • most people had animals and grew their own food • once a week they held a market where they rented stalls • tradesmen bought goods and sold them in their own villages • pots, pans, knifes and tools were traded in their villages • larger towns had fairs drawing people from all over Europe • fairs were held once a year but lasted weeks, sometimes months • kings and nobles sent agents to the fairs to buy goods • the towns need trade to grow • the trade was the beginning of small shops • the towns grew rapidly were fortunate to be a good trade route • goods locations attracted merchants • merchants attracted buyers during the Crusades • tempted by the goods such as silk, spices,tapestries and sugar • in the beginning traders sold their goods in local markets and fairs • all over Europe people began learning and perfecting the skills needed to produce goods

19. during the middle ages there were no really large cities • most towns had 1000 to 10,000 people • the medieval towns became crowed and smelly • The Middle Ages saw the rapid expansion of Medieval trade and commerce. The most important factor was the Crusades. • Growth of trade results in growth of Italian citystates…GENOA, VENICE, PISA, FLORENCE

20. SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. • a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

21. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE RENAISSANCE?

22. RENAISSANCE • The Renaissance • "to be reborn" • cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe

23. THE RENAISSANCE LED TO… • Growth of Latin and vernacular literatures • resurgence of learning based on classical sources (by Petrarch…) • development of perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting • educational reform • development of diplomacy (the art of conducting negotiation-relations with nations) • Scientific observation

24. best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such men as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man“ • ART (PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC, LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE) • A polymath is a Renaissance Man, a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas

25. http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissancehttp://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance

26. CITY-CENTER OF RENAISSANCE-FLORENCE (ITALY) PITTI AND MEDICI FAMILIES OF FLORENCE

28. capital city of the Italianregion of Tuscany and of the provinceof Florence. center of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time birthplace of the Renaissance Athens of the Middle Ages ruled by the powerful Medici family FLORENCE

30. late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of industry • Cosimo de' Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city • Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their rise (ascendancy.) • Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, who was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo • Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, commissioning works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli • "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).

31. COSIMO PIERO LORENZO

32. LORENZO • Italian statesman • ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance • Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by contemporary Florentines • diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets • gave large amounts of money to artists so they could create master works of art • His life coincided with the high point of the Italian Renaissance and his death coincided with the end of the Golden Age of Florence

33. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

34. The Republic of Florence , or the Florentine Republic, was a city-state that was centered on the city of Florence, located in modern Tuscany, Italy. The republic was founded in 1115 • ANOTHER FAMOUS FLORENTINE… • Niccolò Machiavelli

36. Niccolò Machiavelli • Machiavelli - political thinker • most renowned for his political handbook titled, The Prince, which is about ruling and the exercise of power • Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories

37. Niccolo Machiavelli • diplomat for 14 years in Italy's Florentine Republic during the Medici family's exile • wrote The Prince, a handbook for politicians on the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning, inspiring the term "machiavellian."

38. Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance • official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs • a founder of modern political science

39. BASILICA OF SANTA CROCE, FLORENCE, ITALY(BASICLICA OF THE HOLY CROSS)

42. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjU

43. Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies instrumentality in statebuilding - an approach embodied by the saying that "the ends justify the means." Violence may be necessary for the successful stabilization of power and introduction of new legal institutions. Force may be used to eliminate political rivals, to coerce resistant populations, and to purge the community of other men strong enough of character to rule, who will inevitably attempt to replace the ruler. Machiavelli has become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would be remembered in history through the adjective, "Machiavellian."

44. QUOTES, THE PRINCE • THE ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS. • IT IS BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN LOVED.

45. HUMANISM • SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. o. • Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.

46. HUMANISM • Renaissance humanism • intellectual reform initiated by scientists, academics, and civic leaders during the post-Medieval Renaissance period

47. The roots of Renaissance humanism can be traced to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries • arose out of medieval scholastic education which emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific studies • Scholasticism that focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians was often derived from surviving Greco-Roman texts on logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology • development of Renaissance humanism was fostered by scholastic institutions in the cities of Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.

48. sought to create an informed citizenry who were textually literate, and not only able to read and write but also able to employ critical knowledge in the civic realm • accomplished through providing study of the broader studia humanitatis curriculum: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy • Renaissance humanist scholars often saw their work as a means to revive the cultural legacy and academic productivity of classical antiquity.

49. http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-triggers-the-renaissancehttp://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-triggers-the-renaissance

50. HUMANISTS • Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.