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Radiation Transport Methods in Space Exploration: A Comprehensive Overview

This paper provides an overview of radiation transport methods in space exploration, including the development of the CRÈME model and its applications. It discusses elemental spectra, isotopic composition integration, solar modulation of GCR, and predictive models for future GCR modulation and radiation environments. The relationship between sunspot numbers, observable space quantities, and radiation environments is explored, along with projections of solar cycles and GCR environments. The text examines the impact of large solar proton events and provides insights into radiation doses for future space missions.

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Radiation Transport Methods in Space Exploration: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. GCR Methods in Radiation Transport F.A. Cucinotta And M.Y. Kim NASA Johnson Space Center

  2. Overview • CRÈME used in HZETRN and other codes 1986-1992 • Badhwar and O’Neill Model developed for HZETRN applications in 1993 • Elemental spectra for H, He, C, O, Si, Fe • Crème formula for other elements • New version by Pat O’Neill in 2004 fit to ACE and includes LSS spectra • Elemental spectra for all elements • Isotopic composition integrated into HZETRN in 2005 using historical data including Ulysses

  3. Isotopic Composition • Historical data used to re-distribute Badhwar-O’Neill elemental flux into isotopic fractions • Energy-independent

  4. Solar Modulation of GCR • Badhwar and O’Neill use self-consistent solution to transport Local Intersteller source (LIS) for each element using Fokker-Plank radial diffusion equation based on Parker (1965) • Neutron monitor counts • Sun-spot number • Kim et al. use a statistical model to predict probability distribution for level of future GCR modulation

  5. Future GCR Modulation- Approach • Sunspot number is well correlated with many observable • space quantities and represents variation in the space • radiation environment. A solar cycle statistical model(1-3) • was developed based on the accumulating cycle • sunspot data. • A predictive model for GCR radiation environment(4,5) • represented by GCR deceleration potential (f) was • derived from GCR flux and ground-based Climax neutron • monitor rate measurements over the last four decades. • Prediction of radiation environments and doses for future space exploration missions. • Relationship between large SPE occurrence and f •  A probability of SPE in mission period.

  6. Population Group of Declining Phase of Cycle 23 (Cumulative Mean Value and Statistical Fluctuation)

  7. Projections of Solar Cycles 23 and 24 A basis for estimating of exposure in future space missions

  8. Climax Neutron Monitor Rate Measurements and Projection to Solar Cycles 23 and 24

  9. GCR Environments and Point Dose Equivalents inside Spacecraft

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