HEAT Operational Requirements

1. HEAT Operational Requirements

2. HEAT Operational Requirements – driven by science objectives • Lightning (L) • L1: Thunderstorm electric field profiles over Houston and over non-urban environments • L2: Lightning Flashes • Cloud microphysics (M) • M1: Mixed-phase microphysics • M2: Cloud droplet spectra • M3: Precipitation drop size distributions • M4: Pollution effects in the early-storm stages • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics (U) • U1: Urban heat island thermodynamics • U2: Urban wind modification • U3: Urban updraft enhancement • U4: Urban effects on convective storm mergers and lightning production

3. The Effect of the Complex Coastline • C1: Sea breeze modification: low-level convergence field associated with a complex coastline and its effects on convective initiation • C2: Sea breeze interaction with the urban heat island • C3: Intensity of sea breeze convection • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry • A1: NOx production by lightning • A2: Transport and fate of pollutants in thunderstorms • A3: Effect of urban thunderstorms on upper tropospheric chemistry

5. University of Wyoming King Air • Aircraft and state parameters • Cloud microphysical/particle sensors • Boundary Layer Eddy Fluxes • Radiation Sensors • Trace gas chemistry: NOx,O3,SO2,HO • Aerosol properties: CCN,CN • Wyoming Cloud Radar (95 GHz,Doppler)

6. University of North Dakota Citation II • Aircraft and environmental state parameters • Cloud microphysical measurements: 1D-C, 2D-C, FSSP • Air Chemistry: O3, CO2/H2O, NO/NO2 SO2, CO, and SF6 monitors • Aerosols: CN, CCN, PMS passive cavity scattering and Royco light scattering probes • Electric Field observations– Field mill system

7. Weather Modification, Inc. Lear Jet 35A • Aircraft and atmospheric state parameters • Cloud/Precipitation microphysical probes • Aerosol: CN,CCN,IN • Atmospheric Chemistry: NOx, SO2,O3

8. CSU-CHILL • S-Band (11 cm) Polarization Radar • Polarimetric and Doppler: Zh, Vr, Zdr, LDR, dp/Kdp, HV • Hydrometeor Identification • Rainfall rates and drop size distribution information • Single and multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D kinematic flow field • Surveillance and aircraft coordination

9. NCAR S-POL • S-Band (2.8 GHz, 10.7 cm) Polarization Radar • Polarimetric and Doppler: Zh, Vr, Zdr, LDR, dp/Kdp, HV • Hydrometeor Identification • Rainfall rates and drop size distribution information • Single and multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D kinematic flow field • Surveillance and aircraft coordination

10. TAMU/OU/TT/NSSL SMART-R • 2 mobile (flatbed diesel truck mounted) C-band (5.5 cm) Doppler radars • SR-1 • SR-2 • Zh, Vr,  • Precipitation structure and evolution • Multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D flow field within storms • 250 kW peak power, 8” reflector with 1.5 degree beam at 40 dB gain • Flexible deployment strategy for HEAT • Selectable baseline strategy • Can adapt to science mission and mesoscale forecast of the day

11. TCEQ Surface Observations • Meteorological data • Approximately 34 stations • e.g., T, Td, wind • Air quality observations • Particulate matter • PM-10 • PM-2.5 • Ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide • TCEQ also has a wind profiler and two sodars in Houston area • TCEQ network supplemented by ten NWS ASOS/AWOS stations • NOAA/PORTS also has 3 stations along Galveston Bay and Island Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)

12. NCAR MGLASS (Mobile GPS/Loran Atmospheric Sounding System) • Vertical Sounding of T, Td, wind • Surface meteorological data • CCN measurements

13. NCAR TAOS (Tethered Atmospheric Observing System) • Boundary layer measurements • Lowest 1 km • T, Td/RH, P, wind speed and direction • 1 second sampling rate • remain at altitude in wind up to 15 mph • 2nd winch and balloon for observations in up to 45 mph wind • sensors can be placed anywhere on the tether • can be redeployed in less than 2 hours

14. HEAT Operational Requirements – driven by science objectives • Lightning (L) • L1: Thunderstorm electric field profiles over Houston and over non-urban environments • L2: Lightning Flashes • Cloud microphysics (M) • M1: Mixed-phase microphysics • M2: Cloud droplet spectra • M3: Precipitation drop size distributions • M4: Pollution effects in the early-storm stages • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics (U) • U1: Urban heat island thermodynamics • U2: Urban wind modification • U3: Urban updraft enhancement • U4: Urban effects on convective storm mergers and lightning production

15. The Effect of the Complex Coastline • C1: Sea breeze modification: low-level convergence field associated with a complex coastline and its effects on convective initiation • C2: Sea breeze interaction with the urban heat island • C3: Intensity of sea breeze convection • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry • A1: NOx production by lightning • A2: Transport and fate of pollutants in thunderstorms • A3: Effect of urban thunderstorms on upper tropospheric chemistry

20. Working Groups – Organized by Science/Hypothesis Category • Lightning • Cloud Microphysics • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics • Effect of the Complex Coastline • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry

21. Some Working Group Tasks • Revise SOD based on broad input and consensus • Review facilities required • Modify (add/delete) as necessary • Discuss deployment and observational strategies • Identify key personnel (PI’s) for facility requests • Draft group report for plenary session