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NC Final Review

NC Final Review . Earth Science . Rock Cycle. 3 Types of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Rock Cycle – Cycle of the 3 types of rocks throughout the Earth . Weathering. Mechanical vs. Chemical Weathering Frost Wedging Exfoliation Hydrolysis Oxidation Acid. Erosion.

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NC Final Review

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  1. NC Final Review Earth Science

  2. Rock Cycle • 3 Types of rocks: • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic • Rock Cycle – Cycle of the 3 types of rocks throughout the Earth

  3. Weathering • Mechanical vs. Chemical Weathering • Frost Wedging • Exfoliation • Hydrolysis • Oxidation • Acid

  4. Erosion • Erosion: Weathered rock is moved from one location to another: • Wind • Water (Sheet, Rill, Gully) • Gravity • Glaciers

  5. Soil • Soil: Composed of parent material + humus • Soil Profile (O, A, B, C) • Texture Sizes: • Sand • Silt • Clay • Climate

  6. Geohazards • Natural Disasters caused by the lithosphere: • Landslide • Earthquake • Tsunami • Volcano • Sinkhole • Flood • Mitigation: Reducing damage from a geohazard

  7. Divergent Plate Boundaries • Plates split apart • Divergent Oceanic: Creates a mid-ocean ridge • Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Divergent Continental: Creates a rift valley • East Africa

  8. Convergent Plate Boundaries • Plates come together: • Oceanic-Oceanic: Creates a deep sea trench, volcanic islands • Oceanic-Continental: Creates a deep sea trench, land volcanoes • Continental-Continental: Creates non-volcanic mountains (Himalayas)

  9. Transform Plate Boundaries • Plates slide past each other: • Crust isn’t created or destroyed • Very powerful earthquakes • San Andreas Fault • Mechanisms for plate movement: • Convection • Ridge Push • Slab Pull

  10. Volcanoes • Types of volcanoes: • Shield • Cinder Cone • Composite • Magma vs. Lava • Volcanic Hazards: • Lahar • Pyroclastic Cloud • Pacific Ring of Fire

  11. Earthquakes • Vibrations within the Earth caused by plate slippage • P waves vs. S waves • Scales for measuring Earthquakes: • Moment Magnitude • Richter • Focus, Epicenter

  12. NC Geologic History • 1.7 Bya-NC created • 1.3 Bya-First NC mountains, eroded away • Paleozoic- Appalachians created • Taconic • Acadian • Alleghanian • Mesozoic-Appalachians are eroded

  13. Fossil Fuels • Fossil Fuels – Energy resource that comes from fossils: • Coal • Natural Gas • Petroleum • Non-Renewable, Produce Carbon Dioxide

  14. Resource Extraction • Harvesting: Wood, Peat • Drilling: Natural Gas (Hydrofracking), Oil • Mining: Coal, Uranium, Plutonium

  15. Alternate Energy • Alternate Energy Resources: • Solar • Wind • Hydroelectric • Nuclear • Geothermal • All are clean however are not sustainable

  16. Traditional/Sustainable Agriculture • Traditional Agriculture: • Good for profits/economy • Bad for the environment • Sustainable Agriculture: • Less profits • Better for the environment

  17. Human Impact On Lithosphere • Deforestation: Tearing down trees and not replanting • Decreases oxygen, increases carbon dioxide • Agriculture: Cultivation of species • Pesticides, Irrigation • Urbanization: Movement into cities • Increased erosion, ecosystems removed

  18. Water Cycle • Transfer of water between Earth’s systems

  19. Groundwater • Water stored beneath the surface • Infiltration vs. Runoff • Porosity vs. Permeability • Cone of Depression

  20. Ocean Currents • Density Currents: Result from differences in salinity within the ocean • Global Conveyor Belt • Surface Currents: Caused by the Coriolis Effect • Warm  Move towards the poles • Cold  Move towards the equator • Coastal Cities: Warm Winters, Cool Summers • Desert Cities: Hot Summers, Cold Winters

  21. Shorelines • Longshore Currents: Current moves at an angle and transfers sand • Groins • Jetties • Seawalls • Beach Nourishment

  22. Layers of the Atmosphere • Layers of the Atmosphere: • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Atmosphere: Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen

  23. Air Masses/Fronts • Air Masses • cP • cT • mP • mT • A • Fronts • Warm • Cold • Stationary • Occluded

  24. Weather Analysis • Relative Humidity/Dew Point • Weather satellites • Station Models • Weather Maps • Isotherms/Isobars

  25. Climatology • Koppen Classification System: • Climatograph (Temperature, Precipitation) • Tropical • Mild • Continental • Dry • Polar

  26. Climatology • Natural Climate Shifts • Volcanoes • Sunspots • El Nino • La Nina • Changes in Earth’s Orbit • Changes in Earth’s Tilt

  27. Climatology • Global Warming: • Greenhouse Effect • Carbon Dioxide • Temperatures have steadily risen since fossil fuels were discovered BUT • The Earth naturally goes through climate shifts

  28. Climatology • Human Impact On Atmosphere • Deforestation • Ozone Depletion • Smog • Acid Rain • Ocean Acidification • Heat Islands • Clean Air Act, Hybrid Cars

  29. Ecology • Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors • Levels of Organization: • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere • Food chains, Food Webs

  30. Ecology • Biomes: • Tundra • Taiga • Desert • Grassland • Temperate Forest • Tropical Rain Forest

  31. Ecology • Biodiversity – Variation within the Biosphere on Earth • Helps produce oxygen • Prescription Medicine • Fascination • Exotic Species • Extinction • Human Mitigation (Endangered Species Act, National Parks, etc.)

  32. Ecology • Population Dynamics • Exponential Growth (J-Curve) • Carrying Capacity (S-Curve) • Will increase as long as there are resources • Density Independent vs. Dependent Factors

  33. Ecology • Ecological Footprint: • Don’t drive whenever possible • Turn down the heat • Insulate your house • Recycle

  34. Ecology • Human Impact on Biosphere: • Population Growth • Habitat Alteration • Habitat Degradation • Habitat Fragmentation • Endangered Species • Human Needs

  35. Astronomy • Universe > Galaxy > Star > Planet • Earth revolves around the sun (revolution) • Moon revolves around the Earth • Phases of the moon • Tides: • Spring Tide vs. Neap Tide

  36. Astronomy • Earth’s Tilt • Causes the Seasons • Equinoxes, Solstices • Precession • Nutation • Barycenter

  37. Astronomy • Greek Astronomers  Geocentric Model • Copernicus  Helicocentric Model • Kepler  Laws of Planetary Motion • Ellipses • Planets move faster closer to the sun • Planets further from the sun have longer years • Isaac Newton

  38. Astronomy • The Sun • Largest object in the Solar System • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Gamma Rays • X-Rays • Ultraviolet Rays • Visible Light • Infrared Rays • Microwaves • Radio Waves • Photosynthesis  Needs the Sun

  39. Warm upMonday June 2nd • Finish study guide for review

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