The Middle East has become a focus of efforts against terrorist groups.

1. Terrorism throughout History Terrorist Attacks • Terrorism not modern phenomenon • Acts of terrorism far more common over last 200 years • Terrorism has been used to overthrow governments, fight for independence, or change society • Number of worldwide attacks has increased over past few decades • Violence of attacks also increased, with few regions of world spared • Latin America, illegal drug trade • England, Irish Republican Army • South Asia, Tamil Tigers The Threat of Terrorism A major threat to global security today is terrorism, the unlawful use or threat of violence to cause fear and to advance political, religious, or ideological goals. Terrorists often intentionally target unarmed and unsuspecting citizens during their attacks. The Middle East has become a focus of efforts against terrorist groups.

2. Islamist Tactics Support • 1980s, Hamas, Hezbollah, al Qaeda used terrorist tactics against Israel, Western nations • Hamas seeks to destroy Israel, create Palestinian state • Hezbollah supported by Iran, has primary goal of destruction of Israel • Iran’s support of Hezbollah—state-sponsored terrorism • Israel, United States, other nations consider Hezbollah terrorist organization • Other nations see it as legitimate resistance movement against Israel Terrorism in the Middle East • Part of focus because of ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict; has history of Western colonial domination leading to resentment of West among some Arabs • Region home to radical Muslim organizations claiming Islam justifies terrorist attacks against innocent civilians • In fact terrorist actions contrary to Islamic law, condemned by most Muslims

3. Fighting Terrorism • New Legislation • After al Qaeda attack September 11, 2001, U.S. government took many actions to prevent future terrorist attacks • Passed new legislation to strengthen international, domestic intelligence • Homeland Security • Established after 9–11; focused on security of nation’s borders, transportation networks • Sought to find, cut off funding sources for terrorist networks • Military Action • Used to pressure countries suspected of supporting terrorists • 2001, U.S.-led military campaign invaded Afghanistan, forced out Taliban government, which had supported, protected members of al Qaeda

4. Other Military Actions • 2003, another U.S.-led invasion targeted Iraq, dictator Saddam Hussein • Some officials claimed Saddam possessed dangerous biological, chemical weapons, supported anti-American terrorist groups; this later found to be untrue • Similar Security Issues • Other countries faced similar security issues • Bomb attacks on trains, buses in Madrid, London, Jerusalem spurred Spain, Great Britain, Israel to investigate ways to use technology to improve future security for transportation systems

6. Make Generalizations How are countries working to prevent terrorism? Answer(s): strengthened intelligence services, increased security, military actions

7. Dangerous Weapons Biological Weapons • Many countries possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), including • Biological weapons • Chemical weapons • Nuclear weapons • Can cause enormous amounts of destruction • Terrorist groups, governments seek to use for own purposes • Made with organisms, toxins found in nature; easy, inexpensive to develop • Diseases, poisons like anthrax, plague, smallpox • 1972, more than 70 nations signed treaty prohibiting production, possession • Officials worry about biological attacks by terrorist groups Other Threats to Security In addition to terrorist attacks, there are other threats to global security.

8. Other Weapons • Chemical Weapons • Mustard gas, nerve gas use chemical toxins to kill, injure • Used in both world wars; used in Iran-Iraq war against Iraqi Kurds, 1980s; nerve gas sarin in Tokyo subway system, 1995 • Nuclear Weapons • Biggest threat to world in twenty-first century • During Cold War, U.S., Soviet Union, 60 other nations signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, meant to stop spread of nuclear weapons • Today • Nearly every nation in world has agreed to this treaty • At least eight countries known to possess nuclear weapons • Others believed trying to develop them

9. Sanctions Legitimate Use • International Atomic Energy Agency monitors countries suspected of developing nuclear weapons • Countries have placed sanctions—economic penalties, on nations considered nuclear threats • Difficult to control nuclear weapons • Nuclear technology can be used for legitimate purposes • International concern over development of nuclear weapons • Many countries making efforts to ensure nuclear technology used safely Addressing Nuclear Issues

10. Ethnic and Religious Conflicts • Multiple Threats • High-tech weapons threat: have power to destroy, kill • Ethnic, religious conflicts threat: create willingness to destroy, kill • Tutsi, Hutu • 1994, tensions between Tutsi, Hutu ethnic groups led to massacres in Rwanda • 1 million people killed, another 2 million became refugees • French, UN Troops • Worked to maintain ceasefire in Rwanda until new government could establish order • 1998, some involved in the genocide convicted, executed • Darfur • Early 2000s, similar situation in Darfur: Arab militias attacked African villagers • By 2006, 400,000 killed, 2 million fled to refugee camps

11. Security Summary • Violence caused by ethnic, religious hatred significant threat to people around world • Nations face • Risk of terrorist attacks • Use of weapons of mass destruction • Ethnic, religious conflict • People around world working hard to protect public safety

12. Identify Problem and Solution How are countries and international groups dealing with threats to world security? Answer(s): peacekeeping missions, imposing sanctions

13. Environment and Technology

14. Environment and Technology Main Idea People are working together to protect the environment and using science and technology to improve living conditions around the world. • Reading Focus • What are people doing to protect the environment? • What changes are recent advances in science and technology bringing to the world?

15. Resource Use Sustainable Development • Improved nutrition, medical treatment have led to dramatic increase in world’s population • 1 billion to over 6 billion since 1800 • Industrialization, development have placed great strain on world’s resources, environment • Major challenge: achieving sustainable development • Economic development that does not permanently damage resources • Try to balance need for development with protection of environment • Limit use of resources • Set aside areas where no development allowed Protecting the Environment How do we balance growth and development with practices that will help protect the resources and environments we all count on?

16. Forests • In areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Amazon region of Brazil, deforestation—clearing of trees, taking place at rapid rate • Trees burned, cut down to dig mines, clear land for farming, ranching • Some species of animals, plants have become extinct as result • Deserts • Sahel region of West Africa, people struggling with desertification—spread of desert-like land conditions • Caused partly by drought, partly by human activity • Trees cut for firewood, livestock overgraze land • Without plants, wind blows rich soil away; land becomes useless

17. Threat How To Fight Global Warming • Revolution brought new industrial processes • Created waste products that harmed water, air, land • By 1960s, began to be threat to human survival • Countries cannot agree on how best to fight pollution • One debate, issue of global warming • Rise in surface temperature of earth over time • Could bring disastrous changes in Earth’s climate • Many scientists believe air pollution caused by human activity has caused global warming Pollution The global environment has been seriously affected by pollution. Human beings have always polluted their environments, but pollution did not become a serious issue until the Industrial Revolution.

18. Accidents Environmental Laws • Even with environmental laws in place, pollution, toxic waste can be released due to accidents at industrial facilities • 1984, toxic gas leak at Indian factory killed over 15,000, injured a half-million more • 1986, meltdown of Soviet Union’s Chernobyl nuclear plant sent deadly radiation into air over parts of Europe • Some governments have taken legal action against pollution, global warming • Many nations do not have strict pollution controls in place • United States has passed many environmental laws but is one of largest polluters • Some fear strict emissions limits could harm economic development Laws and Problems

19. Find the Main Idea What environmental issues face the world today? Answer(s): pollution, global warming, deforestation, desertification

20. Science and Technology Advances in science, technology have greatly changed world in recent years • New discoveries brought great benefits, raised new questions, challenges • Space Exploration • Data from satellites, space shuttle missions have given scientists new information about origins, development of stars, galaxies, planets • Other data helping scientists understand earth’s climate change • Development of new technologies from space experiments • Scratch-resistant eyeglass lenses • Farther-flying golf balls

21. The Information Age • More Advances • Other advances in science, technology have led to great changes in way we transmit, receive information • Exchange of information so important, some say this is Information Age • Instant Communication • Space satellites transmit signals for cell phone, satellite television • Personal computers, Internet link people, educational institutions, businesses, governments; people work, shop, maintain friendships online • Digital Divide • Not all areas of world have joined Information Age • Difference in access to Internet and other information and communications technologies called digital divide; obstacle many trying to overcome

23. Medicine and Genetic Engineering Genetics Altering Genetic Makeup • Developments in study of genes, heredity have led to rapid growth in biotechnology, use of biological research in industry • Some biotechnology companies manufacture vaccines to treat diseases • Other biotechnology companies genetically modify food plants • Altering genetic makeup of plant, animal called genetic engineering • Plants can be hardier, more productive than conventional • Grown where other crops struggle • Great medical advances took place in years following World War II • Medicines, vaccines developed to prevent spread of contagious diseases, treat physical, mental illness; techniques developed to transplant organs • Advances in ultrasound, laser, and computer technology allow doctors to more easily treat human body

24. Modified Crops • Green Revolution • Genetically modified plants part of green revolution • Attempt by agricultural scientists to increase world’s food production • Food Production • Scientists developing new types of wheat, rice, other food crops • With enough water, fertilizer, pesticides, modified crops produce more than unmodified • Advocates • Believe genetically modified crops can reduce pesticide use • Say farmers will make more money on crops • Concerns • Genetically modified crops might have harmful effects on humans, environment • Could see possible reduction of genetic diversity

25. Possibilities, Questions Cloning • Cloning offers possibilities for improving livestock, medical research • Presents serious moral, ethical, legal questions • Another use of genetic engineering being debated, cloning • Process of creating identical organisms from a cell of original organism Human Genetics

27. Make Generalizations How have recent advances in science and technology brought both great benefits and new challenges? Answer(s): possible answer—hardier crops, larger yields; debate on the ethics of DNA research and work such as cloning