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Salmonellosis: More Than Just Food Poisoning

Salmonellosis: More Than Just Food Poisoning. Regina D. Knight, PhD Student: Public Health/Epidemiology Walden University PUBH-8165-10: Environmental Health Instructor: Dr. Robert Marino Spring Quarter, 2010. Dinner with Salmonella. Topics. History of Salmonella Sources of Salmonella

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Salmonellosis: More Than Just Food Poisoning

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  1. Salmonellosis: More Than Just Food Poisoning Regina D. Knight, PhD Student: Public Health/Epidemiology Walden University PUBH-8165-10: Environmental Health Instructor: Dr. Robert Marino Spring Quarter, 2010

  2. Dinner with Salmonella

  3. Topics History of Salmonella Sources of Salmonella Types of Salmonellosis Incidence and Prevalence Prevention Research

  4. Learning Outcomes Identify the Types of Salmonella and Accompanying Symptoms Name the Causes of Salmonellosis Determine Appropriate Prevention Measures Government Entities Involved in Salmonella Control Become Aware of the Incidence and Prevalence in the US

  5. History of Salmonella Discovered by Daniel E. Salmon in 1884 (US NLM, 2005) Salmonella choleraesuis – hog cholera Gram-negative, motile bacterium (Helath.google.com, 2010) Invades the intestines or bloodstream of the host Leading cause of food poisoning (US NLM,2005) (Health.google.com, 2010) • US National Library of Medicine. (2005). Daniel E. Salmon. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/vetcol.html • Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. A.D.A.M. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis

  6. (FDA, 2009; NIAID, 2010; Klotchko & Wallace, 2008) Sources of Salmonella Food Raw poultry, eggs, raw seafood, beef, unwashed fruit Cross contamination Environmental Sources Water –untreated , stagnant Soil – feces of infected animals Surfaces – Kitchen and factory Animals Handling various reptiles, kittens, chicks, ducklings Food Preparers Cross-contamination Failure to wash hands US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). Salmonellosis. US Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/salmonellosis/pages/default.aspx Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  7. (Todar, 2008; FDA, 2009) Two Types of Salmonellosis Courtesy of CDC/Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Charles N. Farmer at Health.google.com, 2010 (Health.google.com, 2010) US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. A.D.A.M. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis

  8. (Klotchko & Wallace, 2009; CDC, 2009) Infection –Food Poisoning Sufficient amount of bacteria ingested Bacteria becomes attached to epithelial cells in small intestine Internalized by endocytosis Transported to the lamina propria Response is usually immediate Lasts about a week Treatment Hydration Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  9. (Answers.com) Infection – Food Poisoning (cont.) Layers of Stomach Wall:1. Serosa2. Tela subserosa3. Muscularis4. Oblique fibers of muscle wall5. Circular muscle layer6. Longitudinal muscle layer7. Submucosa8. Lamina muscularis mucosae9. Mucosa10. Lamina propria11. Epithelium12. Gastric glands13. Gastric pits14. Villous folds15. Gastric areas (gastric surface (Answers.com, 2010) Answers.com. (2010). Lamina propria. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/lamina-propria

  10. (CDC, 2009; Todar, 2008; Klotchko & Wallace, 2009) Infection - Typhoid Major immune response Travels through the lymphatic and circulatory systems Invades deeper tissues Delayed response Treatment Antibiotics Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/  Todar, K. (2008). Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Todar’s online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  11. (Circulatory, Answers.com 2010; Lymphatic, answers.com, 20101) Infection – Typhoid (cont.) Circulatory System Lymphatic system Answers.com. (2010). Circulatory system. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/circulatory-system Answers.com. (2010). Lymphatic system. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/lymphatic-system

  12. (CDC, 2009; FDA, 2009) Incidence 40,000 cases reported annually in the US Many go unreported and untreated FDA estimates 2 to 4 million cases of Salmonellosis annually 74,000 cases attributed to amphibians and reptiles Estimated 400 people die each year with acute cases Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm

  13. (CDC, 2009; Klotchko & Wallace, 2009) Prevalence All people are susceptible Greatest numbers and most severe cases are among the very young and elderly Under the age of 5 Over 60 years of age Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  14. (CDC, 2009) Prevention Cook food thoroughly Wash hands Wear gloves Clean preparation surfaces Wash food prior to preparation Use non-toxic cleaners to wash fruits and vegetables Avoid direct contact with reptiles Wash hands before handling an infant or the immunocompromised Breast-feeding Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/

  15. (FDA, 2009) Prevention (cont.) Improve hygiene practices Clean livestock and habitats Insect control Clean and functional meat packing facilities Better education of food industry workers in food safety and restaurant inspections Increase usage of pasteurized egg products Irradiation of raw meat US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm

  16. Government Regulation Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2009) Keeps track of reported cases, strain types, and frequency Food and Drug Administration (2009) Inspects imported foods and pasteurization plants Issues guidelines for better food preparation in restaurants and food processing plants Regulates the use of antibiotics in livestock Regulates the sales of turtles US Department of Agriculture (CDC, 2009) Monitors livestock Inspects egg pasteurization plants Responsible for the quality of slaughtered and processed meat Environmental Protection Agency (CDC, 2009) Regulates and monitors water quality and supplies Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm

  17. (Attig, 2009) Salmonella: As a Bioweapon 1984 Incident in The Dalles, Oregon Rajneeshee cult , followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Contaminated salad bars with S. typhicurium Sickened 750 people Wanted to Incapacitate voters Attig, R. (2009,October 5). The poisoning of an Oregon town. OregonLive.com Retrieved from: http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/10/the_poisoning_of_an_oregon_tow.html

  18. (Moon & McSorley, 2009; Wigley et al., 2006). Research Studies have been conducted on mouse and chicken models Mouse model did not develop diarrhea, but contracted the typhoid form when infected with Salmonella Discovered rapid intracellular metastasis Spread throughout the liver and spleen Presence of macrophages deposited Salmonella T-cells and B-cells Body of host manufactured antibodies against the pathogen and exhibited immunity when exposed to Salmonella again Immunity = antibodies + TH-1 cell of pathogen Attenuated cells could possibly be used as a vaccine Moon, J. J. & McSorley, S. J. (2009). Tracking the dynamics of Salmonella specific T-cell responses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 334: pp. 179–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_8. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732114/pdf/nihms121430.pdf/?tool=pmcentre Wigley, P., Hulme, S., Rothwell, L., Bumstead, N., Kaiser, P., & Barrow, P. (2006, February). Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokine and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge. Infection Immunity, 74(2), pp. 1425-1430. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360331/pdf/1265%2D05.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez

  19. Summary of Salmonellosis Caused by Salmonella - Gram-negative, motile Two types: Gastroenteritis - S. enterica – ; Typhoid Fever - S. typhi Affects 2 to 4 million people annually; 400 die each year Anyone can get Salmonellosis but the very young and the elderly are more susceptible to the pathogen Prevention - good hygiene, reduction of cross contamination via washing hands, cleaning utensils, cleaning surfaces, cooking food thoroughly, etc. Government Agencies – CDC, FDA, USDA, and EPA Salmonella is a bioterrorism concern because it can incapacitate large groups of people Research shows that previous infection with Salmonellosis can create immunity in the host from future outbreaks and possibly use antibodies for vaccine production

  20. References Attig, R. (2009,October 5). The poisoning of an Oregon town. OregonLive.com Retrieved from: http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/10/the_poisoning_of_an_oregon_tow.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector- Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview Moon, J. J. & McSorley, S. J. (2009). Tracking the dynamics of Salmonella specific T-cell responses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 334: pp. 179–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_8. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732114/pdf/nihms121430.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). Salmonellosis. US Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/salmonellosis/pages/default.aspx Todar, K. (2008). Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Todar’s online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html US National Library of Medicine. (2005). Daniel E. Salmon. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/vetcol.html Wigley, P., Hulme, S., Rothwell, L., Bumstead, N., Kaiser, P., & Barrow, P. (2006, February). Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokine and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge. Infection Immunity ,74(2), pp. 1425-1430. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360331/pdf/1265%2D05.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez

  21. Further Reading Heithoff, D. M., Shimp, W. R., Lau, P. W., Badie, G., Enioutina, E. Y., Daynes, R. A., Byrne, B. A., House, J. K., & Mahan, M. J. (2008, March). Human salmonella clinical isolates distinct from those of animal origin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(6), pp. 1757-1766. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02740-07 Wrongdiagnosis.com. (2010). Prevalence and incidence of Salmonella poisoning. Retrieved from: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/s/salmonella_food_poisoning/prevalence.html Davis, B. (2010). Salmonellosis. YahooHealth.com. Retrieved from: http://health.yahoo.com/infectiousdisease-overview/salmonellosis/healthwise-- te6320spec.html Environmental Protection Agency. (2006, July). Method 1682: Salmonella in sewage sludge (biosolids) by modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium. Washington DC: Office of Water. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/methods/method/biological/1682.pdf

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