All fungi

1. All fungi • make their food. • absorb their food. • produce mushrooms. • have chlorophyll.

2. Fungi do NOT • carry on photosynthesis. • grow on their food source. • digest food outside their bodies. • absorb food through their cell walls.

3. Fungi resemble plants in that they both always • have stems. • grow from the ground. • are multicellular. • have cell walls.

4. A mushroom is a fungal • fruiting body. • lichen. • mycorrhiza. • yeast.

5. The tangled mass that makes up the body of a fungus is the • hypha. • rhizoid. • mycelium. • stolon.

6. Fungal hyphae, shown in Figure 21–1, differ in that some lack • cell walls. • cross walls. • nuclei. • cytoplasm.

7. Most fungi reproduce • asexually only. • sexually only. • both sexually and asexually. • by budding.

8. Stinkhorns, which mimic the odor of rotting meat, have spores that are dispersed by • wind. • birds. • snow. • flies.

9. When hyphae of opposite mating types meet, they first • enter mitosis • grow and develop. • enter meiosis. • fuse.

10. Sporangia are found at the tops of specialized hyphae called • sporangiophores. • mycelia. • gametangia. • stolons.

11. Only during a small part of their life cycles are most fungi • diploid. • haploid. • 1N. • 3N.

12. Which of the following processes is first to occur after the nuclei of opposite mating types fuse? • Spores are produced. • Gametes are produced. • Mitosis occurs. • Meiosis occurs.

13. Dark fuzz that grows on bread is an example of • toadstool. • spore. • yeast. • mold.

14. Rhizopus reproduces • by sexual fusion only. • by sexual fusion and asexually only. • by budding and asexually only. • all of the above

15. In bread mold, haploid gametes are produced by the • gametangia. • rhizoids. • zygospores. • sporangiophores.

16. Bread rises because fermentation by yeast produces • spores. • rhizoids. • water. • carbon dioxide.

17. The dry, powdered yeast used to bake bread actually contains • zygospores. • ascospores. • conidia. • sporangia.

18. Yeasts obtain energy by alcoholic fermentation in the absence of • moisture. • carbon dioxide. • oxygen. • sugar.

19. Mushrooms are classified as • common molds. • sac fungi. • club fungi. • imperfect fungi.

20. Which structure is NOT found in a mushroom? • ascus • gills • cap • stalk

21. In mushrooms, the basidia are found in the • base. • stalk. • cap. • root.

22. Over time, nutrients at the center of a large underground mycelium become depleted, causing new mushrooms to sprout only • in a cluster at the center. • in a ring at the outer edges. • when the nutrients are replaced. • after budding takes place.

23. Each of the following is a basidiomycete EXCEPT • shelf fungi. • mushrooms. • puffballs. • cup fungi.

24. In basidiomycetes, the primary mycelia of different mating types fuse to form • a secondary mycelium. • haploid zygotes. • gills. • haploid nuclei of the same mating type.

25. Which statement about Penicillium is correct? • It produces mushrooms. • It causes bread to rise. • It is the source of an antibiotic. • It causes athlete’s foot.

26. Penicillium reproduces only asexually but otherwise resembles a(an) • ascomycete. • zygomycete. • basidiomycete. • lichen.

27. Penicillium may have evolved from an ascomycete that lost its ability to carry out • asexual reproduction. • sexual reproduction. • spore formation. • conidia formation.

28. An important role of fungi in an ecosystem is • photosynthesis. • breaking down dead organisms. • making alcohol. • killing bacteria.

29. Millions of years ago, fungi might have been important to the success of • worms. • grasshoppers. • bacteria. • plants.

30. Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are • parasites. • saprobes. • mutualists. • autotrophs.

31. Fungi feed on • only living organisms. • only dead organisms. • both living and dead organisms. • only other fungi.

32. The breakdown of dead organisms is sped on by the fungal production of • alcohols. • acids. • digestive enzymes. • recycled nutrients.

33. Which of the following statements about fungi is true? • They bind trace elements and hold them. • They return trace elements to the soil. • They do not affect trace elements. • They deplete the soil of trace elements.

34. The human disease ringworm is caused by • worms. • bacteria. • a fungus. • yeasts.

35. The growth of yeasts in moist regions of the body is kept in check by competition from • antibiotics. • bacteria. • rusts. • mildews.

36. Crop damage by fungal diseases is • greatest in tropical areas. • least in tropical areas. • greatest in temperate areas. • not affected by climate.

37. The fungus that forms a mycelium within the outer layers of human skin causes • ringworm and athlete’s foot. • thrush and reproductive-tract infections. • reproductive-tract infections and ringworm. • athlete’s foot and thrush.

38. Each of the following is true of wheat rust EXCEPT that it • is caused by a basidiomycete. • is carried by insects into wheat fields. • is controlled by destroying barberry plants. • produces two kinds of spores.

39. The normal balance between bacteria and yeasts in the body can be upset by • eating yeast-leavened bread. • eating edible mushrooms. • using antibiotics. • being exposed to mushroom spores.

40. Figure 21–2 illustrates an association of a(an) • cyanobacterium and a plant. • alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus. • plant and a fungus. • alga and a plant.

41. Which of the following is NOT a single organism? • rust • smut • yeast • lichen

42. Which statement about lichens is correct? • They are not tolerant of harsh conditions. • They cannot make their own food. • They grow only in soil. • They are composed of an alga or a cyanobacterium and a fungus living together.

43. The association of plants and fungi in mycorrhizae illustrates a type of relationship called • parasitism. • mutualism. • competition. • parallelism.

44. In most lichens, the fungus is a(an) • basidiomycete. • zygomycete. • ascomycete. • deuteromycete.

45. Beneath the forest floor, carbon atoms can be moved from one tree to the next by • orchids. • fungal spores. • mycorrhizae. • lichens.

46. Fungi are prokaryotic heterotrophs. _________________________ • True • False

47. Fungi absorb their food. _________________________ • True • False

48. In some fungi, the nuclei are divided by cross walls. _________________________ • True • False

49. Fungal cell walls are composed of cellulose. _________________________ • True • False

50. During most of the life cycle of a fungus, the nuclei are diploid. _________________________ • True • False