Napoleon

1. Napoleon • The Grand Empire and the Spread of Revolution around Europe • Constitutions, reformed tax system, • Napoleonic Code of Laws • End of feudal system and Manorial Rights • New freedoms • Other Reforms?

2. Napoleon’s Three Mistakes • Continental System • Peninsular War • Invasion of Russia

3. Napoleon and the beginnings of Nationalism • Developed as a movement of resistance against the internationalism of the French empire • Some nations insist on the values of their own institutions • Some nations insisted on more self determination, more participation in govt and more representative govt

4. Nationalist Thinkers • J.G. Herder – imitation of foreign ways made people shallow and artificial • All true culture must arise from native roots – from the Volk • Fichte – Addresses to the German Nation – an ineradicable German spirit to be kept pure at any cost

5. Overthrow of Napoleon and Congress of Vienna • Bourbon Dynasty was restored • Congress of Vienna meets 1814 • Erects a barrier of strong states around France • Germany was in a loose confederation • Creation of a new Poland with Alexander as king • Legitimacy • Balance of power • Metternich – concert of Europe/conservatism

7. Industrial Revolution • Starts in England • Agricultural Revolution • Enclosure acts • Innovation first appears in textile or clothing industry • Social Consequences of Industrialization – working conditions, new social classes, urbanization, unkskilled labor

8. Classical Economics • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations • Criticized idea of mercantilism and said that natural laws of production and exchange should regulate the market • Laissez faire • Self interest • Role of govt

9. Isms

10. Romanticism • Rejection of the classicism of the enlightenment • Celebration of creativity • Love of the unclassifiable (moods, impressions) • Value of feeling • Importance of the subconscious

11. Classical Liberalism • Persons of business and professional classes • Believed in what was modern, enlightened, efficient, reasonable and fair • Self govt • Parliamentary or representative govt • Constitutions • Opposed universal male suffrage • Favored laissez faire • Freedom of trade – abolition of tariffs

12. Radicalism, Republicanism, Socialism • England - Radicals – get to the root of things – want a total reconstruction of laws, courts, prisons etc • Demand reform of English parliament, hated the church of England • Demanded universal male suffrage

13. Radicalism, Republicanism, Socialism • Continent – Republicanism – demanded universal male suffrage, parliamentary govt, anticlerical, hostile to monarchy

14. Radicalism, Republicanism, Socialism • Socialism – regarded the existing economic system as aimless, chaotic and unjust • Hated the idea of owners of wealth to also have enormous economic power over working class • Questioned the value of private enterprise • Favored some degree of communal ownership of banks, factories, machines, land, transportation

15. Socialism • Disliked competition as a governing principle • Wanted harmony, coordination, organization • Rejected laissez faire • Wanted a fairer or more equal distribution of invome

16. Nationalism • Outgrowth of Napoleonic occupation • Western Europe – set of political and cultural beliefs • Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria – where peoples of the same nationality were politically divided – it became a deliberate program for political actions - unification

17. Hegel’s Philosophy • After witnessing the Napoleonic years – for a people to enjoy freedom – it must possess an independent state • State was the embodiment of reason and liberty • The march of God through the world • Historical change came through the dialectic • Thesis/Antithesis = synthesis

18. Russian Slavophilism • Idea that Russia possessed a unique way of life that should not be corrupted

19. Conservativism • Upheld the institutions of monarchy, aristocracy, church, • Opposed constitutional and representative govt • Built on the idea of Edmund Burke – every people must change their institutions by gradual adaptation • Stressed firmness and continuity of national character

20. Revolutions of 1830 - 32 • July Revolution in France ousts Charles X and installs the July Monarchy – Louis Philippe • Officially ends absolutism in France • Spurs revolution in Belgium and Poland • Belgium (at the expense of Poland) gets its independence • Revolution in Poland stops conservative powers from stepping in in Belgium • Poland

21. 1848 Revolutions France • February Revolution in France – Louis Philippe is unseated in three days • Proclamation of the Second Republic • National workshops vs Constituent Assembly – bloody June days in France – class war • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

22. Overall effects of 1848 Revolutions • France – Louis Napoleon Bonaparte • Austria – Bach System • All revolutions failed • Romanticism discredited • Realism/realpolitik results • GR tries to create a country through the Frankfurt and Berlin Assembly – fails • Creation of a Prussian Constitution in 1850

23. 1848 Revolutions France • February Revolution in France – Louis Philippe is unseated in three days • Proclamation of the Second Republic • National workshops vs Constituent Assembly – bloody June days in France – class war • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

24. Toughness of Mind • Springtime of peoples followed by chilling winter • Art – depict life as it really was • Religion – skepticism • Positivism – Auguste Comte’s insistence on verifiable facts – systematic study of society • Politics – Realpolitik – govts should not be guided by ideology (Bismarck and Cavour)

25. Emergence of Marxism • Creation of the Communist Manifesto – • True freedom possible when only when private property in capital goods was abolished

26. Marxism • Summons to revolution of the proletariat class against the bourgeois owners of capital • Workers were deprived of the wealth that they helped to create • Religion was a drug to keep masses down • Proletarians have nothing to lose – worldwide revolution

27. Marx and dialectical materialism • All history is a process of development through time • History is shaped by larger forces • Hegel emphasized ideas as force of change and Marx emphasized material conditions (economics)

28. Crimean War of 1854-56 • Weakens both Austria and Russia – conservative countries • First war covered by news • Russia putting pressure on Turkey – rest of Europe stopping the advance of Russia into this sphere • Many soldiers will die of disease rather than actual combat

29. Nation States • Became the model in Europe • Characteristics of nation states – supreme political authority rests upon the will of the people • Need a sense of belonging – common social and cultural life, speak a similar language, similar religion, common history and future

30. Cavour and Italian Unification • Cavour – Piedmont Sardinia • Cavour – practitioner of realpolitik – or politics of reality • He uses France to get Austria out of Northern Italy • Uses republican firebrand Garibaldi to get Southern Italy

31. Bismarck and German Unification • Bismarck will use realpolitik to achieve unification • Tricked Austria into war with Denmark to get Schleswig and Holstein – then tricked Austria into war (Seven Weeks War) with Prussia in which Aus got crushed • Tricked France into war (Franco-Prussian) with the Ems Dispatch to scare Southern German states into joining Prussia

32. Dual Monarchy of Austria • Compromise of 1867 – known as the Ausgleich – bargain between Germans and Magyars

33. Russia • Emancipation Act of 1861 gave Russian peasants their freedom (technically) • Manorial rights of landlords are gone – new rules for law • Local self govt – zemstvos • Revolutionism in Russia – anarchism- approval of terrorism to achieve political goals