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NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON. “A Man of Destiny”. Poor family of Lesser Nobility Born in Corsica 10 Yrs. Old - Military School 1783 Student at military academy in Paris. Napoleon’s Marriages. 1 st Wife – Josephine March 9, 1796 Married Divorced 1809 2 nd Wife – Marie Louis 17 Year Old Hapsburg Princess.

tobias-fulton
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NAPOLEON

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  1. NAPOLEON

  2. “A Man of Destiny” • Poor family of Lesser Nobility • Born in Corsica • 10 Yrs. Old - Military School • 1783 Student at military academy in Paris

  3. Napoleon’s Marriages • 1st Wife – Josephine • March 9, 1796 Married • Divorced 1809 • 2nd Wife – Marie Louis • 17 Year Old Hapsburg Princess

  4. Early Military Career • 1st Coalition • 1796 - Command of French Army in Italy • 1798 - Invaded Egypt • Discovery of Rosetta Stone • Military Set Back - still Hero

  5. Early Military Career • 2nd Coalition – Russia formed new alliance with Great Britain. Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottoman Empire joined • France suffered defeats in Italy and Germany • Weakened Directory

  6. Rise to Power • 1799 French wanted order • 1799 - Coup d’etat - Napoleon ousted the Directory • Consulate Formed • Napoleon = 1st Consul [power concentrated in the 1st Consul]

  7. 2nd Coalition Continues • 1800 defeated Austrians – dropped out 1801 • March 1802 – Treaty of Amiens • Truce w/ Great Britain • France kept European Conquests

  8. Emperor Napoleon • 1802 Plebicite made him consul for life • 1804 Declared himself Hereditary emperor • 1805 Took title, King of Italy • Stepson ruled as viceroy • Divorced Josephine

  9. Napoleon's Government Policies • Centralized Administration • Economic Reforms • Napoleonic Code • The Concordat of 1801 • Reforms in Education

  10. Centralized AdministrationFinancial Reforms • System of Prefects and Subprefects • 83 Departments run by Prefects • Subprefects administered districts • Economic Corruption and waste was Eliminated • Centralized tax collecting system • Paid off various economic obligations • Stabilized French Economic condition

  11. Napoleonic Code • 1800 appointed Commission to draft a new code of civil law • 1804 Went into effect and in 1807 it became the Napoleonic code • Progressive in some ways • Less Progressive in others

  12. Napoleonic Wars • Third Coalition • Battle of Trafalgar • Victories in Europe • Continental System • The Peninsular War • The Invasion of Russia

  13. 3rd Coalition and Trafalgar • 1805 – 3rd Coalition Created for Balance of Power • 1805 – Napoleon prepared to invade G.B. • October 21 – Lord Nelson found combined French and Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar. • British victory – France lost all hope of ever winning a naval battle

  14. Napoleonic Empire

  15. Continental System and The Peninsular War • Continental System was an effort to destroy British economy • Ordered all European nations to stop trading w/ G.B. • All European ports closed to British ships • Impossible to enforce – 2 “leaks” • Portugal and Spain - refused • Russia – resumed trade after 1810 • Peninsular War (1808 – 1814) • Perhaps it was Napoleon’s Vietnam

  16. The Third of May, 1808

  17. Invasion of Russia - 1812 • Response to Russia resuming trade with Britain • Sent 600,000 Men in, and 100,000 survived • Scorched Earth Policy • Lack of Preparation for the winter • Marked the beginning of his fall

  18. The Fall of Napoleon • 1813 – Russian, Prussian, and Austrians joined the most powerful coalition against Napoleon • Defeated at Leipzig – the Battle of Nations • 1814 – abdicated and was exiled to the Island of Elba • March 1815 – escaped and returned to power for 100 Days. • Defeated at Waterloo – June 1815 • Exiled to South Atlantic Island of St. Helena • Died 1821

  19. Europe in 1812

  20. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

  21. Main Objectives • It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: • Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. • Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. • Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

  22. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

  23. Key Principles Established at Vienna • Balance of Power • Legitimacy • Compensation • Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. • France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

  24. Changes Made at Vienna (1) • France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. • Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). • Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories. • A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. • Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. • The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

  25. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

  26. Changes Made at Vienna (2) • Norway and Sweden were joined. • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. • Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. • Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. • The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. • The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging). • Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

  27. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

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