The process by which we retain information about events that have happened in the past.

1. The process by which we retain information about events that have happened in the past. Memory

2. Retrieval Need to be able to recall or remember a memory.

3. Capacity How much can be held in memory. STM – limited (7 +/- 2 chunks) LTM- potentially unlimited capacity

4. The coding of information in terms of meaning Semantic coding

5. Miller (1956) proposed that STM could hold between 5 and 9 items Who came up with the term ‘The magical number 7 +/- 2’

6. Chunking Organising items of info into groups chunks. To make the most efficient use of STM’s limited capacity

7. A method of measuring the capacity of STM by asking people to remember and repeat ever longer lists of digits Digit –span technique

8. When using the Digit –span technique what is the IV and DV IV= number of letters/numbers presented DV= number of letters/numbers recalledcorrectly

9. What would be a suitable operationalised directional hypothesis for the Digit-span test? Recall of letters/numbers will become less as the list of letters/numbers presented becomes longer

10. Recency effect The tendency to recall the last (most recent) items on a list

11. Procedural memory Memory for riding a bike, driving, e.t.c

12. Transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in a memory. Encoding

13. A model for STM devised by Baddeley and Hitch Working Memory Model

14. Name the 4 components of the Working Memory Model Central executive Articulatory-phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketchpad Episodic buffer

15. Identify one piece of research that supports the Working Memory Model Word length effect – Baddeley 75a and 96 Visual tracking task, + either visual task or verbal task – pps doing diff tasks did better Baddeley 75b Bunge et al 2000 – MRI scans show more brain activity in same area when 2 tasks KF aduditory forgetting in STM worse than visual– Shallice and warrington 70

16. What is an articulatory suppression task? When you have to say e.g ‘the,the,the…’ whilst trying to do a reading task. Means you can’t rehearse short words more quickly than long words so word length effect disappears (evidence for phonological loop and articulatory process0

17. Prefontal Cortex Part of brain where thoughts and actions are orchestrated – Executive Function (STM)

18. Which area of the brain is active when LTM is engaged? Hippocampus

19. Who described the Multistore Model of memory? Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968

20. Name the 3 stores in the Multistore Model of memory? Sensory Store STM LTM

21. Give one strength and one weakness of the MSM + Lots of research to support it e.g.primacy/recency effect, Korsakoffs syndrome patients - oversimplified, rehearsal not always needed

22. What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson’s experiment in 1959? To find the duration of STM

23. What type of experiment design did Peterson and Peterson’s use in 1959? Independent groups

24. Ecological Validity The ability to generalise the procedure and findings to everyday life

25. Name the Psychologist who did a study about the duration of LTM Bahrick et al (1975)

26. Bahrick’s study was what type of experiment? Natural

27. Name one study that supports and one that challenges the WM model + Case of KF (Shallice and Warrington) - Simplistic and vague

28. A gradual deterioration of a memory trace (engram) in the brain over time. decay

29. displacement Existing information is displaced out of memory by new information

30. Confounding variable A variable that masks the effect of the independent variable.

31. What is EWT? The evidence given in a court or in police investigations by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident

32. Name 3 factors that can affect the accuracy of EWT? Leading questions Age of witness Anxiety (weapon focus)

33. What was the critical question Loftus and Palmer asked participants in their Study about leading questions? About how fast were the cars going when they ‘hit’, ‘smashed into’, ‘collided with’, ‘bumped into’, ‘contacted’ each other.

34. Who coined the term Weapon focus and what does it mean? Elizabeth Loftus, the weapon distracts the attention of an eye witness explaining why they sometimes have poor recall for certain details of the crime.

35. What does the Yerkes - Dodson Law state? Performance is best in moderately arousing conditions

36. Who developed the Cognitive Interview? Geiselman et al (1984)

37. List 4 components of the Cognitive Interview • Make witness feel relaxed • Witness recreate context of crime • Report everything • Change the order of events • Different perspectives • Interviewer avoids judgemental and personal comments

38. Give 2 ways age can affect EWT Carter et al 96, use of legal language can lead to incorrect answers in children under 7 Children trust people they know, affected by stereotypes Memon et al 06 Older people – failing memory and other senses Wright and Holliday 05 and 07, Brimacombe 97

39. Give an example of an open question

40. Do open questions provide quantitative or qualitative data qualitative

41. Name 3 ethical issues in psychological research Deception Protection form psychological/physical harm Privacy Informed consent

42. How would a psychologist deal with deception? Debrief

43. How would a psychologist deal with invasion of privacy? Keep all names/organisations confidential when collecting and reporting data

44. Name 3 strategies for improving memory • First letter Mnemonics • Peg words • Method of loci (imagery) • Narrative stories • Mind maps

45. Explain how one memory improvement strategy works • First letter Mnemonics – rhyme or statement using the first letter of the words to be remembered • Peg words – objects associated with another word • Method of loci (imagery) – place objects to be remembered in locations e.g. around the house • Narrative stories – put objects in a story • Mind maps – organising facts and elaborating on them with colour, images, emphasis e.t.c