The Periodic Table and the Elements

1. The Periodic Table and the Elements • What is the periodic table ? • What information is obtained from the table ? • How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?

2. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized. http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

3. The Periodic Table • A map of the building block of matter. http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

4. Periodic Table Expanded View • The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the stable. • The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals

5. Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement • Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals Nonmetals Metals

6. Periodic Table: The three broad ClassesMain, Transition, Rare Earth • Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

7. Reading the Periodic Table: Classification • Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

8. Across the Periodic Table • Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) • These elements have the same number of shells or energy levels. 2nd Period 6th Period

9. Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell Down the Periodic Table • Family:Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) • These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.

10. Halogen Alkali Noble Gas Alkaline (earth) Transition Metals Families of the Periodic Table • Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

11. Periodic Table: electron behavior • The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

12. Hydrogen • Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. • Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. • Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. • Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

13. Alkali Metals • 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen. • Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). • Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

14. Alkaline Earth Metals • Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2) • Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature. • Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca

15. Transition Metals • Elements in groups 3-11 • Less reactive harder metals • Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. • Metals used“as metal.”

16. Boron Family • Elements in group 13 • Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

17. Carbon Family • Elements in group 14 • Contains elements important to life and computers. • Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. • Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

18. Nitrogen Family • Elements in group 15 • Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere. • Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. • Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things. • The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

19. Oxygen Family • Elements in group 16 • Oxygen is necessary for respiration. • Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

20. Halogens • Elements in group 17 • Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals • Always found combined with other element in nature . • Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

21. The Noble Gases • Elements in group 18 • VERY unreactive, monatomic gases • Used in lighted “neon”signs • Have a full valence shell.