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AP 2019 Review

Explore the major events in European history, from the Italian Renaissance to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Learn about the Catholicization of Spain, the 30 Years War, French religious wars, Russian Revolution, Italian Unification, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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AP 2019 Review

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  1. AP 2019 Review

  2. 1400’s • Italian Renaissance • Ferdinand and Isabella Catholicize Spain; Columbus expedition • Erasmus- vocal critic of the papacy into the 1500’s

  3. Northern Renaissance • Darker compared to Italian Renaissance • Emphasis on the poor • Landscapes • Attention to Detail (Mirrors) • Religious Themes • Durer, Bosch, Bruegel, Greco, Holbein, Van Eyck, Massys

  4. 30 Years War • Ferdinand II: inherits Bohemia- Catholics only! • Defenestration of Prague • Frederick V • Bohemian phase- Ferdinand wins! • Danish phase- Ferdinand wins! Edict of Restitution- Catholic lands • Swedish phase- stalemate; Ferdinand has a hero Albrecht of Wallenstein killed • Swedish-French phase- millions dead, trade crippled, 50%+ of HRE kingdoms dead, inflation; takes more than hundred years to regain the loss of life • Peace of Westphalia (1648)- Calvinists added to the POA. France receives Alsace, Netherlands and Switzerland independent of the HRE.

  5. Age of Religious Wars • Catherine de Medici- Queen Mother • Bourbons (Tolerant of Huguenots) vs. Guises (Catholic) • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Edict of Nantes (1598) • Henry of Navarre: “Paris is worth a mass” • Spain: Ferdinand II: Attempts to Catholicize Spanish Netherlands with the help of the Duke of Alba- fails

  6. Peter the Great • Table of Ranks: people start at the bottom and work their ways up. • Boyars: Russian nobility- power limited. • Holy Synod: advisors • St. Petersburg • Westernization of Russia- women’s rights, no beards • 3000 Words introduced • Russian Navy • Warm water ports- success. Defeated Sweden • Family issues- sister Sophia, son Aleksei

  7. Enlightenment • Voltaire • Diderot and D’Alembert • Lessing • Beccaria • Hume • Rousseau • Smith • Locke

  8. Bismarck • Conservative & Nationalist • “Blood and Iron” speech • Danish War- Schleswig and Holstein • 7 Weeks War- Austria • Franco-Prussian War- manipulates Ems Telegram; gains Alsace-Lorraine • North German Confederation

  9. Alexander II • Rising liberal sentiments in Russia • Land and Freedom • People’s Will • Freedom of the serfs • Assassinated • Terrorist Activity: Vera Zasulich shoots St. Petersburg governor.

  10. Revolutions of 1848 • Revolutions of 1848, series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.

  11. The Paris Commune (March-May, 1871) • When Louis Napoleon III was captured by the Prussians, his government collapsed and Parisians and a Republic was proclaimed. The movement within Paris became increasingly radicalized and the local government was taken over by a communist-dominated alliance. • During Bloody Week, the French Army (having regrouped from the war) attacked Paris and put down the Commune. Between 6,000 and 20,000 Parisians were killed in the fighting.

  12. Italian Unification (1815-1871) • Important Individuals: • Mazzini – The Heart • Cavour – The Brains • Garibaldi – The Sword • Victor Emmanuel II – The Face •  Early Italian Unification movement influenced heavily by romanticism •  The weakening of France and Austria facilitated Italian Unification •  Comparisons between Cavour and Bismarck • o While Bismarck used Prussia’s Great Power status to give strength to the German Unification movement, Cavour used diplomacy to forge alliances between Sardinia and Great Powers.

  13. Russian Revolution • The Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolshevik allies. • Precursors- unpopular war with Japan, high poverty, low wages, high taxes, poor living and working conditions, Bloody Sunday led by Father Gapon; Nicholas II abdicates to the Duma. • Russian elections: social revolutionaries win led by Alexander Kerensky; Red army overthrows provisional government anyway. • Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin

  14. Collapse of Soviet Union • In December of 1991, as the world watched in amazement, the Soviet Union disintegrated into fifteen separate countries. Its collapse was hailed by the west as a victory for freedom, a triumph of democracy over totalitarianism, and evidence of the superiority of capitalism over socialism.

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