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Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles

Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles. Terry Slattery, ATC Instructor/Head Athletic Trainer Theodore Roosevelt High School ke_tslattery@kentschools.net. Overview. Emergency Action Steps Emergency Action Plans Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency

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Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles

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  1. Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles Terry Slattery, ATC Instructor/Head Athletic Trainer Theodore Roosevelt High School ke_tslattery@kentschools.net

  2. Overview • Emergency Action Steps • Emergency Action Plans • Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency • Prevention of Disease Transmission • Basic First Aid Skills

  3. Emergency Action Steps In any emergency or non-emergency situation, always follow the three Emergency Action Steps to help minimize the confusion and provide a structure for appropriate care • CHECK • CALL • CARE

  4. CHECK the scene: Is it safe? What happened? How many people are involved? Is there immediate danger involved? Is anyone else available to help? CHECK for life-threatening conditions, such as: Unconsciousness No breathing or trouble breathing No signs of life (breathing or movement) Severe bleeding Emergency Action Steps - CHECK • CHECK the scene for safety • CHECK the ill or injured person

  5. Land Line Land line: Directly to local EMS dispatch Displays address to EMS Phone location and access Know how to access outside line Best option to use Cell Phone Cell phone: Directly to least busy cell tower Answered by State Highway Patrol Transferred to local EMS Slight delay Emergency Action Steps - CALL • CALL 9-1-1 or local emergency number • When in doubt….CALL for help! Calling for help is something anyone can do

  6. EMS Dispatch Information Location? Telephone #? Caller’s name? What happened? How many victims? Victim(s) condition? Help being given? Answer dispatcher questions clearly and concisely as possible Emergency Action Steps - CALL

  7. Emergency Action Steps - CALL Notes: • Do not hang up first. Let EMS dispatcher tell you when or leave phone off hook • Never assume 911 has been called • Assign bystanders clear directions • AED, First Aid supplies • Meet EMS • Retrieve forms/info • Alert parents, admin, supervisor, etc • Crowd/scene control

  8. Emergency Action Steps - CALL • When to call 9-1-1 for an Adult (>12-yrs old): Incomplete listing • Unconscious • Trouble breathing or breathing in a strange way • Not breathing • No signs of circulation • Persistent chest pain • Severe bleeding that does not stop • Deep burn to face and neck • Pressure or pain in the abdomen that does not go away • Vomiting blood or passing blood • Multiple seizures or seizures that last longer than 5 minutes • Possible head, neck or back injuries • Apparent poisoning • Broken bone with obvious deformity or broken thru skin • Sudden severe headache or slurred speech

  9. Emergency Action Steps - CALL • When to call 9-1-1 for a Child or Infant (<12-yrs old) • Sudden silence • No breathing • Difficulty breathing • No signs of circulation • Non-responsive to stimuli • Upper torso deep burn • Apparent poisoning • Call 9-1-1 if • Fire or explosion • Downed electrical lines • Presence of poisonous gas • Swiftly moving or rapidly rising water • Motor vehicle accidents • Persons who cannot be easily moved

  10. Emergency Action Steps - CARE • Care for the ill or injured person • Do no further harm…do not move unless absolutely needed • Act as a “reasonable, prudent, person” to the best of your ability or training level • Good Samaritan Law • Obtain consent to help if conscious • Know expectations of your contract vs volunteer • Monitor the “ABCs” – Airway, Breathing and Circulation • Protect yourself and others • Follow universal precautions (gloves,barriers,hand washing, etc.) • OHSA Standards • For copy of OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (CFR 1910.1030) see link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/bbp/bbp.html

  11. A little education goes a long way! CPR or UPS video clip here Time for a 10 minute break!

  12. Emergency Action Plan (EAP) • Must be structured, yet flexible enough to be easily followed • Posted • Practiced • Practical • OSHA resources • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/index.html • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/docs/eap_checklist.pdf

  13. Emergency Action Plan (EAP) • Examples • Roosevelt Athletics (Athletic Health Care) • Theodore Roosevelt High School • Kent City Schools • Transportation Services??

  14. Basic First Aid Skills • Checking an Ill or Injured Person • Conscious vs Unconscious • Adult vs Child or Infant • Head to Toe Assessment • Give Care

  15. Basic First Aid Skills • Recognizing and Caring for Shock • Decrease of oxygenated blood to the vital organs of the body • Signals of Shock • Restlessness/irritability • Altered level of consciousness • Nausea or vomiting • Rapid breathing and pulse • Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin • Excessive thirst • Care for Shock • 9-1-1 • Elevate legs 8-12” if no head, neck, back injury • Maintain body temperature • Do not give anything to eat or drink

  16. Basic First Aid Skills • Soft Tissue Injuries • Closed Wounds = PRICE = Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation • Contusions = bruise, protect • Internal bleeding = vomit/pass blood, tender abdomen, EMS • Open Wounds = Stop bleeding, sterile dressing, bandage, protect • Abrasion = clean, staph/MRSA issues • Laceration = stitches or not? • Avulsion = preserve avulsed area and transport with victim • Puncture = do not remove item, easily infected

  17. Basic First Aid Skills • Bleeding and Wound Care • Use a protective barrier (Universal Precautions) • To stop/slow external bleeding • Direct pressure • Elevation • Pressure point • Tourniquet (last resort) • Wash/irrigate/clean wound if possible • Cover wound with dressing and bandage • Refer for proper medical care

  18. Basic First Aid Skills • Burns • Can damage one or more layers of skin, fat, muscle, bone • 1st degree = superficial, red skin • 2nd degree = blisters • 3rd degree = charred, black, deep • Burn type and tx options • Heat = cool area with cold water, cover loosely with sterile dressing • Chemical = flush with cool water • Electrical = turn off power source, cover with sterile dressing, refer • Radiation (sun) = remove from source, cool, cover lightly • Lightning • Have a warning plan • Do not rely on “flash-to-bang” method

  19. Basic First Aid Skills • Bone and Joint Injuries • Fracture • Obvious deformity = splint/keep in position found in, do not straighten • No obvious deformity = error on side of caution, movement means nothing • Open vs. Closed = thru skin or not • Dislocation = completely out of joint, do not reduce, support • Subluxation = popped out and then back in, support • Sprain = stretch of ligament, PRICE, Dr. referral • Strain = stretch of muscle/tendon, PRICE, Dr. referral

  20. Basic First Aid Skills • Head, Neck and Back Injuries: • Always suspect there is head, neck, back injury • Numbness or tingling in both arms or legs • Partial or complete loss of strength and movement • Care for: • Call EMS • Do not move • Stabilize head/neck in position found • Monitor ABCs

  21. Basic First Aid Skills • Heat-Related Emergencies • Heat Cramps = muscle spasm, dehydration, fluids • Heat Exhaustion = cool, moist, pale skin, disoriented, electrolytes • Heat Stroke = red, hot, dry skin, Medical Emergency • Cold-Related Emergencies • Hypothermia = body temp, apathy, weakness, warm body • Frostbite = freezing of tissue cells, gradual warm, do not rub

  22. Basic First Aid Skills • Sudden Illnesses • Fainting = treat for shock, quick recovery • Diabetic Emergency = hyper/hypo, tx as directed, glucagon pen, fast absorbing sugar • Seizure = do not resist, protect head, let run course, slow recovery, EMS if first one or >5 min. • Stroke = F.A.S.T. = Face, Arm, Speech, Time • Poisoning = 800-222-1222, collect bottle/substance • Allergic Reactions = Epi-pen, benydryl, EMS, ice • Asthma = inhaler, EMS

  23. Basic First Aid Skills • Splinting • Splint in position found • Immobilize the joint above and below injury • Check distal circulation • Anatomic splints = affix to another body part • Soft splints = pillow, folded blanket, sling • Rigid splints = vacuum, air, board, metal

  24. Basic First Aid Skills • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) • Function is to sustain circulation to vital organs • New CPR standards (2006) • Simplified to be less intimidating to learn and/or perform • No pulse check • 30:2 compression/ventilation rate for Adult, Child, Infant (15:2 old) • See chart for specifics

  25. Basic First Aid Skills • Automated External Defibrillator (AED) • Device that analyzes the hearts electrical rhythm • Sudden Cardiac Arrest vs Standard Heart Attack (MI) • Public access = early defibrillation = > saves • 10% < chance of survival for every minute of not breathing, no circulation • Precautions • Electrical conductors: water, metal, touch, etc. • Most pads specific to adults (55 lbs/8 yrs/3rd grade) • Easy to use • Open lid and follow directions • Becoming “Expected Standard of Care” in public facilities • If have AED must have policy/procedure/training protocols

  26. Check – Call - Care Common Sense Rules Call 9-1-1 if any doubt If you think it is wrong it probably is! Document everything you do! Follow your gut instinct! Act as a reasonable prudent person to the best of your training level If conscious and breathing…do not move!

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