1/31/13 Period 4

1. 1/31/13 Period 4 Attendance Mitosis Brainpop Time to finish work from yesterday. Time to finish textbook work from Monday

2. Steps to making a chewing gum neuron: • Chew your gum. • Fold a piece of wax paper so it looks like a book. • On the inside of the book – use your chewed gum to make a neuron. • Stretch it out to make axon (globs on both ends) • Make cell body from the bigger glob • Makedendritesfrom the cell body • Make terminal branchesfrom the smaller blob. The very tips of these will be the axon terminals. • Put the pea in the middle of the cell body to be the nucleus. • Put rice spaced out on the axon to be the myelinsheaths. • The spaces in between the rice will be the Nodes of Ranvier.

3. 4. Fold over the wax paper to close the book. Press down lightly. • 5. Cut the wax paper around your neuron. • 6. Cut out an interesting pattern of green papers to act as a frame to go under your wax paper. • 7. Glue all to a regular piece of copy paper. • 8. Use the little sticky dots to label the eight parts. • 9. Make a key of the dot numbers and names. Include the function of each part too. • 10. Look over the grading rubric to make sure that you will get maximum credit for this lab! Staple everything together – including rubric and turn it in! • You will need: gum, paper clip, wax paper, five grains of rice, one pea, sticky label dots, glue

4. WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nerves http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

5. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves? • Neurons are “the cell” • Cell body • Nucleus • Axon • Dendrite • What do you think surrounds the cell? • What other organelles would be needed?

6. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

7. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm How are neurons connected? • Synapses!!

8. Why are neurons connected?

9. More neuron connections!

10. Close up look at your synapse AXON What is this in the membrane? The synapse - where the action happens Transport protein The next cell’s plasma membrane

11. How does the Synapse carry the signal? 1. Electrical current travels down the axon 2. Vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane - what is that called? 3. Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane 4. The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell - what type of diffusion is this? http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

12. The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm 1 3 4 2

13. There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body to do the work Why is it important that it is an electrical current? http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

14. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm Are all neurons equal in size? • Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves? About how many neurons are in the human brain? 100 billion About how many neurons are in the spinal cord? 1 billion How long do you think the longest axon in the world is? around 15 feet

15. How many synapses are in one neuron? 1,000 to 10,000!! http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

16. This science is called Neurobiology • Looking at the actual cells - how do they work? • Looking at the connections - how and when do they work? • Looking at what can change normal cells and connections • Looking at diseases that occur in the brain • One of the largest areas still unknown • The you that is you is because of your neurons connecting! http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

17. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm What do you think can change neurons and their connections? • Accidents • Drugs • Alcohol • Disease

18. Accidents http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm • Physical injury of your neurons

19. Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurons http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

20. Repeated binding causes the neuron to die http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

21. http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

22. Drugs = neuron death http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

23. Alcohol damages dendrites - can repair after abstinence http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm Alcohol blocks receptors and slows down transmission

24. Parkinson's Disease • ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease • Huntington’s Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Alzheimer's • Cerebral Palsy • Epilepsy • ? SIDS http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

25. 100 Billion or so neurons - what’s the problem with some of them dying? • Does everyone react the same way to accidents, or drugs and alcohol? • Do all organisms react the same to all stimulus? • Cells multiply all the time - will your neurons? • Which of your activities use your neurons? http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

26. What if neurons die here? or here or here or here or here http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/materials.htm

27. Thinking About… …Doping for Gold a video about the beginning of organized doping in international athletic competition

28. Let’s Divide Our Thinking Into: • The Science of Steroids • The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use • In the GDR in the 1960s – 1980s • In international competition today

29. So…Is Steroid Use Good or Bad? • Let’s take a look at what steroids can actually do!

30. The Science of Steroids What effects can testosterone - based steroids have on the human body? Question:

31. She’s a lovely lass. But are you a little afraid to bring her home to meet Mom?

32. Concepts of beauty are often cultural. Body builders have their own culture. What are your views of symmetry and strength in the human body?

33. Most Steroid Users Don’t Look as Extreme as the Previous Two Photos! Max Jaben, an American on the Israeli Olympic Swim Team in 2008 is shown here. He tested positive for the anabolic steroid called boldenone in July 2008. He was banned from the August 2008 Olympics in July 2008. The ban was for 2 years. Numerous countries had top athletes banned from the 2008 Games because they tested positive for steroids. columbiamissourian.com

34. The Science of Steroids How do steroids produce these changes? Well…the story starts with the membrane of the nucleus that guards against uninvited visitors to that precious prisoner of the nucleus, the DNA. Except for…

35. …the fact that steroids have a “special pass.” Once a steroid gets into the cell, it picks up its pass, and gets carried right into the nucleus! The special pass is called the hormone receptor. The receptionist says “The doctor will see you now!” So what does the hormone receptor “say”?

36. “The nucleus will see you now!” And what language is the steroid and the hormone receptor speaking? Of course, it’s the language of the body… Shape! Let’s visualize this – is your pen ready to jot some info on this shape conversation?

37. Steroid Outside of cell Inside of cell 1 Cell membrane 2 Nuclear membrane 4 5 Steroid receptor New protein synthesized 6 3 How do anabolic steroids work? Let’s break it down in order 4 1 _____binds with_____. This activates a section of DNA. ____________is outside the_______. DNA _________________ for making a _____________are carried out of the____________. 2 Steroid ________across ______________ 5 Steroid binds to the “pass,” the ____________ ___________. Together they are the hormone receptor complex (HRC). The ______ enters the__________________. 3 __________molecules are made and _____________ increases. 6

38. The Science of Steroids What Effects Do Steroids Have? • They increase protein synthesis in cells, so cells make more tissue • This process of cell tissue building is called anabolism; the drugs are often called anabolic steroids • Muscle tissue breaks down more slowly • Cells differentiate more easily into muscle cells instead of fat cells

39. Additional Positive Effects of Anabolic Steroids These can be used for good medical purposes: • Increase muscle tissue healing • Increase appetite • Increase bone growth • Stimulate delayed puberty

40. But Negative Side Effects Can Occur • Influence masculine traits such as hair growth, vocal cord development in women • Influence hair loss and low sperm count in men • Can have negative effects on liver tissue, reproductive tissue and heart muscle • Increase competitiveness and aggressiveness because anabolic steroids affect the limbic system of the brain

41. The Science of Steroids Let’s Recap: The Science of Steroids What special ability do anabolic steroids have in the cell? They pick up a “pass” to enter the nucleus. What is the term for the “pass?” Hormone receptor Once in the nucleus, then what? The HRC activates a section of DNA to give directions What directions from the DNA does the steroid activate? Make more tissue! Where is this tissue actually made? At the organelles called ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

42. The Science of Steroids What is an anabolic steroid? • A type of steroid that produces tissue growth • Are all steroids anabolic? No. Some steroids reduce swelling and don’t cause tissue growth. This type is called a cortico-steroid. They are not likely to be abused because they don’t cause tissue building.

43. Switch Gears Now! • What is the effect of a society on steroid use?

44. The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use The Geography of the GDR The GDR (German Democratic Republic), known as East Germany was smaller than the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany), or West Germany. What countries border the GDR? http://www.memorial-caen.fr/10event/gb/ciel_tex21.htm Those countries were under the control of the Soviet Union

46. The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use W H Y ? Heidi Kreiger france24.com all-athletics.com Andreas Kreiger Heidi Kreiger

47. The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use http://kristinbjorg.blogcentral.is/ beijing-olympics2k8.blogspot.com

48. Happier Times Now http://transgriot.blogspot.com/2008/07/how-blue-pills-turned-heidi-krieger.html The human spirit, like the human body, has tremendous abilities to heal after traumatic stress.

49. The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use • The GDR wanted to use successful sports programs to cheer up a depressed nation. • What happened to the chosen children and young adults? • How did the athletes get the steroids? • Did they know they were receiving steroids? • How did steroids affect their training • At first? Later?

50. The Influence of a Society on Steroid Use • If you were one of the athletes, how do you think you would have reacted to your suspicions that you were getting more than vitamins? • What would have been the pressures on you in your decisions? • What would have happened to you? • How would you feel about your medals?