Viruses and Prokaryotes

1. Viruses and Prokaryotes

2. What is a Virus? • A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells • Structure • Core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid • Capsid can be DNA or RNA, but not both • Core can be several to several hundred genes

3. SO HOW BIG ARE VIRUSES??? • Viruses are REALLY small. • They are much smaller than bacteria. • They can only be seen with an electron microscope.

4. Bacteriophage • Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria • Bacteriophage • Head – capsid and DNA • Tail – with fibers to attach to bacteria

5. T group • Most commonly studied are T group – T1, T2, T3, T4 etc... • T4 has a DNA core within a protein coat, and tail with tail fibers to attach to bacteria.

6. Viral shapes • Variety of shapes • Rod • Tadpole • Many sided, helical or cubelike

7. VIRUS SHAPES • Round • Rod-shaped • Many sided (icosohedral)

8. RNA DNA Head RNA Capsid Capsid proteins Tail sheath Tail fiber Surface proteins Membrane envelope SHAPES MAY DIFFER BUT… • All viruses have • 1. Chromosome-like part that carries hereditary information – The Core • 2. Protein coat: Protects hereditary information and provides the shape! The Capsid Tobacco Mosaic Virus T4 Bacteriophage Influenza Virus

9. ROUND VIRUSES • Herpes virus • There are two types: • Genital • oral

10. ROD-SHAPED • Tobacco mosaic virus

11. MANY SIDED • bacteriophage E coli bacteria

12. Is this why viruses infect us? • YES! • Viruses need living organisms in order to reproduce and form more viruses! Injecting DNA virus

13. Virus Size • Size – 20 to 400 nanometers (one nanometer is one billionth of a meter) • Specificity – usually infect specific organisms • Cannot infect animals if it infects plants • Some can infect wider variety • Rabies – all mammals, some birds

14. VIRUSES ARE SPECIFIC IN THE CELLS THEY INFECT Tobacco mosaic virus: only tobacco plants…not wheat or corn Rabies: only nervous system cells of mammals Common cold: infects cells on airway passage to lungs

15. Lytic Infection • Cause cells to lyse or burst • Infection – chance contact virus with right kind of bacterium. Virus attaches to bacterium and injects its DNA. Most times, complete virus particle does not enter. • Growth – Bacterium can’t tell difference between bacterial and viral DNA. RNA polymerase causes mRNA to be made from cell for virus. Viral DNA takes over and produces more DNA and viral proteins. • Replication – Virus uses bacterial material to make thousands of copies of the protein coat and DNA. Cell becomes filled with virus particles. (All three stages can happen with E. coli within 25 minutes!) • DNA serves as central point for virus particles to be assembled. Cells fill with virus and lyse (burst). New viruses can now infect new cells.

16. SO HOW DO VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE? Section 19-3 Bacteriophage protein coat Bacteriophage DNA Bacterial chromosome Bacteriophage attaches to bacterium’s cell wall Bacteriophage enzyme lyses the bacterium’s cell wall, releasing new bacteriophage particles that can attack other cells. Lytic Cycle Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles Bacteriophage Bacteriophage DNA Bacteriophage protein Bacteriophage takes over bacterium’s metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids

17. Retroviruses • RNA viruses • When they infect a cell, they produce DNA copies of their RNA genes. • Retroviruses have their genetic information copied backwards. RNA  DNA • One retrovirus is HIV. Others cause cancer in animals and humans. • The theory is that viruses were not the first living things. They are dependent on living things to survive.

18. EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA: The two bacterial kingdoms Bacteria on a pin head

19. Eubacteria • “True” bacteria • largest Kindgom of prokaryotes • generally surrounded by cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates • have a cell membrane (some have 2 cell membranes) • Some have flagella for movement • Found everywhere • Some produce disease • Some photosynthetic • some very useful – cheese is just one example

20. PROKARYOTIC CELLS • Prokaryote – what does that mean?Classification of Prokaryotes • All prokaryotes were in kingdom Monera. • Now – 2 kingdoms • Eubacteria and archaebacteria

21. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria includes organisms that live in very harsh environments • Methanogens – live in oxygen free environments – mud, digestive tracts of animals • Extremely salty environments • Hot springs

22. Identifying Bacteria • Cell Shape • Rod – bacilli • Sphere – cocci • Spiral – spirilla

23. Bacterial Shapes Rod Spiral Round

24. Arrangement • 2 cocci – diplococci • long chains – streptococci • clumps, clusters – staphylococci

25. Cell Wall • Chemical nature – Gram staining • Hans Christian Gram • 2 dyes – crystal violet (purple) and safranine (red) • bacteria either take one or the other • If only one thick layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules outside the cell membrane – picked up crystal violet – appeared purple – GRAM POSITIVE • If cell had 2nd, outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate – picked up safranine – appeared red GRAM NEGATIVE

26. Bacterial movement • propelled by flagella • lash, snake, or spiral forward • no movement

27. Bacterial Respiration • Obligate aerobes – require oxygen • Obligate anaerobes – must live in absence of oxygen • example is Clostridium botulinum • Facultative anaerobes – can live with or without oxygen

28. Reproduction • Some can reproduce every 20 minutes • Held in check by food and production of wastesTypes: • Binary Fission • Replication of DNA and division in half • Asexual • Conjugation • Sexual – involves the exchange of genetic material • Long bridge of protein forms between the cells • Donor genetic information transferred to recipient through bridge • Recipient cell has different genes at the end than it did to begin with

29. Importance of Bacteria • Used in production of products we use every day • Yogurt • Cheese • Buttermilk • Sour cream • Pickles • Sauerkraut • Vinegar • Wine • Industry • digest petroleum • remove wastes and poisons from water • synthesizing drugs – through genetic engineering

30. Symbiotic Relationships (mutuallism) • E. coli in humans – help us digest food – make vitamins we can’t, we give them a home, food, and transportation • Bacteria in the intestines of cattle allow them to break down cellulose (in grass and hay)

31. Bacteria in the Environment • Bacteria are like the stage hands that allow the show to go on without being seen (or always given the credit) • Bacteria recycle and decompose dead material • Saprophytes – organisms that use the complex molecules of a once living organism as their food source

32. Sewage decomposition • Sewage treatment – bacteria is added directly to the raw sewage • How does a septic tank work?

33. Nitrogen Fixation • All organisms are TOTALLY dependent on monerans for Nitrogen • All Plants need nitrogen to make amino acids (-NH2) • Because animals eat plants, they get their proteins from plants • What percentage of the air is Nitrogen? • Plants, and most other organisms cannot use this directly • Need Nitrogen to be “FIXED” chemically as ammonia

34. Nitrogen Fixation • Scientists can make synthetic nitrogen containing fertilizers by mixing Nitrogen and Hydrogen gases, heating to 500 degrees C and compressing it to 300 X normal atmospheric pressure – dangerous, expensive, time consuming • Many cyanobacteria can take nitrogen from the air and convert it to a useable form – this is called Nitrogen Fixation • Bacteria are the only organisms that can do this. • Some plants have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria • soybean – Rhizobium grows in nodules around roots

35. Diseases caused by Viruses and Monerans • only a small number of viruses and bacteria can cause disease • Pathogens – organisms that cause disease • All viruses infect living cells • Disease occurs when infection causes damage to the cells

36. Viruses and Disease • Examples are: • Small Pox • Polio • Measles • AIDS • Mumps • Influenza • Yellow Fever • Rabies • Common Cold • Ebola etc…

37. Vaccine • The body’s own defenses must be used • Vaccine – dead or weakened viruses that stimulate the bodies defense system • Symptoms can be treated sometimes, but once someone is infected by a virus, there is not much science can do

38. Bacteria and Disease • Bacterial diseases include: • Diptheria • TB • Typhoid • Tetnus • Hansen disease • syphilis • cholera • bubonic plague • Flesh Eating Bacteria

39. 2 ways bacteria cause disease • Damage cells and tissues of infected organisms directly by breaking down cells • Releasing toxins (poisons) • Many bacteria can live without a host organism (on a petri dish) • Rickettsiae cannot live outside a host cell. They have leaky cell walls • Rickettsiae cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, typhus, and Legionnaire’s disease

40. Measures to fight bacterial infection include: • Antibiotics – drugs and natural compounds that attack and destroy bacteria in the body • NOT Effective against viruses