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Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses

Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses. Cells:. produce exact copies of themselves contain genetic material (DNA) obtain and use energy are surrounded by a membrane maintain internal homeostasis . Cells. Viruses:. obligate intracellular parasites

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Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses

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  1. Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, and Viruses

  2. Cells: • produce exact copies of themselves • contain genetic material (DNA) • obtain and use energy • are surrounded by a membrane • maintain internal homeostasis

  3. Cells

  4. Viruses: • obligate intracellular parasites • contain nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) with protein coat • few, if any enzymes • may have membrane derived from host cell • do not divide; assemble

  5. Viruses Influenza virus

  6. Viruses

  7. Viruses

  8. The tree of life

  9. Prokaryotes: • Eubacteria • Archaea

  10. Eubacteria: • Typical bacteria • Gram Positive and Gram Negative • appendaged or budding bacteria • Actinomycetes • sheathed bacteria • Mycoplasmas • gliding bacteria

  11. Eubacteria • Spirochetes • Rickettsia • Chlamydia • Cyanobacteria

  12. Cyanobacteria

  13. Spirochetes

  14. Archaebacteria: • extreme thermophiles • halophiles • methanogens

  15. Thermophiles in a hot spring Thermophiles can live even in this boiling water.

  16. Thermophiles in a hot spring Each color in this fisheye picture is generated by a different colored bacterium.

  17. Archaebacteria provide food for tube worms These tubeworms are animals that have no digestive system. Their food is provided by extremophiles living in their gut area.

  18. Streptococcus grows in chains

  19. Staphylococci grow in clusters

  20. Bacilli are rods

  21. Spirilla

  22. Some cells are pleiomorphic

  23. Cell Membrane • Lipid Bilayer • 30%-40% lipid • 60-70% protein

  24. Cytoplasm • water (70-80%) • rest is complex mixture of nutrients and cell structures • sugars • amino acids • salts • chromosomes • ribosomes • nucleic acids

  25. Storage Granules • polyphosphate (volutin, polychromatic granules) • Glycogen • poly-b-hydroxybutyrate

  26. Ribosomes • sites of protein synthesis • smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes (70S) • 2 subunits (30S and 50S)

  27. Nucleic acids • DNA • One circular chromosome • Plasmids

  28. Cell wall Gram+ Gram - • 2 layers 3 layers • 1% lipid (maximum) 25% lipid • limited # of amino acids contains all known naturally occurring amino acids • 50% peptidoglycan 0-1% peptidoglycan • contains teichoic acid contains lipopolysaccharide

  29. Lipopolysaccharide • LPS is extremely toxic -- endotoxin • endotoxin is released when cell dies, • responsible for many of the symptoms of diseases caused by Gram- organisms

  30. Lipopolysaccharide • Lipid A • core polysaccharide • O side chain

  31. External Cell Structures • Glycocalyx • Capsule • Sheaths • Slime layers • Protein jackets

  32. Capsule

  33. Fimbriae These are fimbrae on the surface of a Salmonella cell.

  34. Flagella • filament • hook • basal body

  35. Spores

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