Promoting Evidence-Based Development Policy

1. Promoting Evidence-Based Development Policy DSA Conference 2004 Workshop 1.5 Speakers: John Young, Dominic Furlong, Dylan Winder & Naved Chowdhury Chair: Diane Stone

2. Outline • Presentations: • John Young: an analytical and practical framework to improve research impact, • Dominic Furlong: the latest on effective research communication, • Dylan Winder: development research policy perspectives from DFID, and • Naved Chowdhury: the perspective of a southern (action)research practitioner • Discussions: • Other experiences • How can we increase the impact of our work

3. Definitions • Research: “any systematic effort to increase the stock of knowledge” • Policy:a “purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors” • Agendas / policy horizons • Official statements documents • Patterns of spending • Implementation processes • Activities on the ground

4. Policy Processes - Identify a policy problem - Commission research - Assess the results - Select the best policy - Establish the policy framework - Implement the policy - The problem is solved

5. Reality… • “The whole life of policy is a chaos of purposes and accidents. It is not at all a matter of the rational implementation of the so-called decisions through selected strategies1” • “Most policy research on African agriculture is irrelevant to agricultural and overall economic policy in Africa2” 1 - Clay & Schaffer (1984), Room for Manoeuvre; An Exploration of Public Policy in Agricultural and Rural Development, Heineman Educational Books, London 2 – Omamo (2003), Policy Research on African Agriculture: Trends, Gaps, and Challenges, International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Research Report No 21

6. Linear model Percolation model, Weiss Tipping point model, Gladwell ‘Context, evidence, links’ framework, ODI Policy narratives, Roe Systems model (NSI) External forces, Lindquist ‘Room for manoeuvre’, Clay & Schaffer ‘Street level bureaucrats’, Lipsky Policy as social experiments, Rondinelli Policy Streams & Windows, Kingdon Disjointed incrementalism, Lindquist The ‘tipping point’, Gladwell Crisis model, Kuhn ‘Framework of possible thought’, Chomsky Variables for Credibility, Beach The source is as important as content, Gladwell Linear model of communication, Shannon Interactive model, Simple and surprising stories, Communication Theory Provide solutions, Marketing Theory I Find the right packaging, Marketing II Elicit a response, Kottler Translation of technology, Volkow Epistemic communities Policy communities Advocacy coalitions etc, Pross Negotiation through networks, Sebattier Shadow networks, Klickert Chains of accountability, Fine Communication for social change, Rockefeller Wheels and webs, Chapman & Fisher Existing theory www.odi.org.uk/rapid/lessons/theory

7. Existing theory – a short list • Policy narratives, Roe • National Systems of Innovation, (NSI) • ‘Room for manoeuvre’, Clay & Schaffer • ‘Street level bureaucrats’, Lipsky • Policy as social experiments, Rondenelli • Policy streams and policy windows, Kingdon • Disjointed Incrementalism, Lindblom • Social Epidemics, Gladwell ODI working paper 174, 2002, Hovland, de Vibe and Young Bridging Research and Policy: An Annotated Bibliography.

8. The political context – political and economic structures and processes, culture, institutional pressures, incremental vs radical change etc. The links between policy and research communities – networks, relationships, power, competing discourses, trust, knowledge etc. The evidence – credibility, the degree it challenges received wisdom, research approaches and methodology, simplicity of the message, how it is packaged etc An Analytical Framework External Influences Socio-economic and cultural influences, donor policies etc

9. Case Studies • Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case Study of the Evolution of DFID Policy • The PRSP Initiative: Multilateral Policy Change and the Relative Role of Research • How the Sphere Project Came into Being: The adoption of Ethical Principles in Humanitarian Aid • Animal Health Care in Kenya: The Road to Community-Based Animal Health Service Delivery

10. External Influences Campaigning, Lobbying Policy analysis, & research Scientific information exchange & validation A Practical Framework political context Politics and Policymaking Media, Advocacy, Networking Research, learning & thinking evidence links

11. What you need to know • The external environment: Who are the key actors? What is their agenda? How do they influence the political context? • The political context: Is there political interest in change? Is there room for manoeuvre? How do they perceive the problem? • The evidence: Is it there? Is it relevant? Is it practically useful? Are the concepts familiar or new? Does it need re-packaging? • Links: Who are the key individuals? Are there existing networks to use? How best to transfer the information? The media? Campaigns?

12. What researchers need to do • Work with them – seek commissions • Strategic opportunism – prepare for known events + resources for others • Get to know the policymakers. • Identify friends and foes. • Prepare for policy opportunities. • Look out for policy windows. • Who are the policymakers? • Is there demand for ideas? • What is the policy process? • Establish credibility • Provide practical solutions • Establish legitimacy. • Present clear options • Use familiar narratives. • Build a reputation • Action-research • Pilot projects to generate legitimacy • Good communication • What is the current theory? • What are the narratives? • How divergent is it? • Build partnerships. • Identify key networkers, mavens and salesmen. • Use informal contacts • Get to know the others • Work through existing networks. • Build coalitions. • Build new policy networks. • Who are the stakeholders? • What networks exist? • Who are the connectors, mavens and salesmen?

13. Policy entrepreneurs Networkers Storytellers Fixers Engineers

14. Practical Tools Overarching Tools - The RAPID Framework - Using the Framework - The Entrepreneurship Questionnaire Context Assessment Tools - Stakeholder Analysis - Forcefield Analysis - Writeshops - Policy Mapping - Political Context Mapping Communication Tools - Communications Strategy - SWOT analysis - Message Design - Making use of the media Research Tools - Case Studies - Episode Studies - Surveys - Bibliometric Analysis - Focus Group Discussion Policy Influence Tools - Influence Mapping & Power Mapping - Lobbying and Advocacy - Campaigning: A Simple Guide - Competency self-assessment