Understanding Cultural Differences: The Rotary Youth Exchange Experience 瞭解文化差異 : 扶輪青少年交換經驗

1. Understanding Cultural Differences: The Rotary Youth Exchange Experience瞭解文化差異: 扶輪青少年交換經驗 Taiwan Rotary Youth Exchange TRYEX Districts 3480 and 3500 Speaker: Dennis White, Ph.D. Interpreter: PP Water (陳秀津)

2. This presentation, and a complete copy of the speech in English are available at www.yeoresources.org If viewed on line, where you see underlined hyperlinks you will be taken to additional material, usually written articles 有關該演講之完整英文內容請參訪網址: www.yeoresources.org 若線上瀏覽時，超連結底線文字會帶您瀏覽更多相關文章訊息。

3. The Rotary Youth Exchange Experience, a year living and studying in a new and different culture, changes students經過一年的洗禮，在全新且截然不同的文化中生活與學習，扶輪青少年交換的經驗改變了學生

4. Much of the change is due to the experience of a different culture and the slow, sometimes difficult process of adapting 大部分的改變是因為體驗了不同的文化，以及經歷緩慢，甚至艱難的適應過程。

5. In order to adapt successfully to another culture, the student must go through identifiable stages of culture shock, and upon return to home, reverse culture shock 為了要成功地適應其它文化，學生必須經歷文化衝擊和歸國後的反文化衝擊。

6. But before discussing these topics, we need to first begin with “culture” 在討論這些話題之前，我們要先瞭解何為“文化”

7. Culture文化 An integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic of any given society. It refers to the total way of life, including how people think, feel and behave. 文化是一個具有社會群體特色的學習行為模式之交互作用體系，其可以反映在生活各個層面，包括思考模式、情感及行為。

8. Metaphorically, culture is the lens through which we view the world. 隱喻來說，文化如同相機的鏡頭，我們透過它來觀看世界

9. You can’t trust your eyes when your imagination is out of focus. Mark Twain 當你的想像力失焦時，你將不能相信眼睛所見之事物 馬克‧吐溫

12. Think of awareness of other cultures as the same as awareness of color. If you are color blind, there are certain colors you cannot see, no matter how hard you try. 認識其他文化好比認識其他顏色，若你是個色盲，那麼，不管你多麼努力也會有看不到的顏色。

17. If you are “culture blind” you cannot understand other cultures, no matter how hard you try 若是你“文化色盲”的話，無論你多麼努力也無法瞭解其他文化。

18. The Cultural Iceberg 文化冰山 Conscious behaviors 意識行為 1/8th above the surface 八分之一露出表面 Unconscious beliefs and values 潛意識的信念和價值觀 7/8ths below the surface 八分之七在地表以下

19. When we think we know what we are seeing or hearing, it is very easy to make a mistake. 當我們自認為了解自己的所見所聞時，其實是很容易出錯的

20. Ethnocentrism 民族優越感 The universal tendency for any culture to see its own values and practices as natural and correct. 任何文化都具有一個共同現象；認為自己的價值觀和做法是理所當然且正確的。

21. Ethnocentrism 民族優越感 All cultures are ethnocentric - and must be to impart their values to their members. 所有文化都具有民族優越感 - 而且他們的價值觀必須傳承給其他成員

22. Native American/Canadian First Nation terms for themselves: Human Beings美國/加拿大原住民對自己國家的初步定義 • 為:人類 • The Mediterranean Sea literally means “middle of the earth”. 地中海字面的意思為“地球的中心” • In Ecuador, the monument at the equator is roughly translated as “The middle of the world”在厄瓜多爾，赤道紀念碑大略翻譯為“世界 的中央”

23. The ancient name for China is Zhōngguó (中國in traditional Chinese or 中国in simplified Chinese). This translates as "central nation" or (traditionally) as "middle kingdom". China的古名為中國(中国)，翻譯為 “中心之國”或傳統上謂為“中央王朝”

24. “The world in which you were born is just one model of reality. Other cultures are not failed attempts at being like you. They are unique manifestations of the human spirit ”. Wade Davis • 你所出生的世界只是現實中的其中一種模式，其他文化並非嘗試模仿你不成的失敗案例。其實，它們都是獨特的人類心靈表現方式 韋德‧戴維斯

25. In James Hiltons’ novel, Lost Horizon, An American stranded in Shangri-la says to his Tibetan rescuer: “I want to get back to civilization as soon as possible.” The Tibetan’s reply: “Are you so very certain that you are away from it?” 在詹姆斯希爾頓的小說，消失的地平線裡，有位被困在香格里拉的美國人對著一位西藏救援者說: “我想盡快回到文明去” 西藏人回答: “你真的確定你不在文明的世界裡嗎?”

27. Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義 The acquired ability to see many values and behaviors as cultural rather than universal. 培養一種能力；以文化的觀點看待各種價值觀和行為，而非著眼於其一致性。

28. Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義 This approach attempts to understand values and behaviors from the point of view of that culture, rather than as right or wrong. 相對民族主義乃試圖從文化的角度去瞭解不同的價值觀與行為，而非強調對或錯。

29. Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義 It assumes that one’s own culture is no more central to describing and evaluating reality than any other - regardless of one’s strongly held preferences 相對民族主義的前提是，不再以個人的自我文化為中心去描述及衡量其他文化的實際價值，並摒棄強烈的個人偏愛。

30. “I see America through a sharper lens - both her strengths and her weaknesses and I am tired of people who uncritically accept everything American as right.” American Exchange Student “我用更清晰的鏡頭去觀看美國 – 包括她的強項及弱點，對於無條件接受美國一切都是正確的那些人，我已感到厭倦。” 美國交換學生

31. Ethnocentrism is similar to egocentrism.民族優越感與自我主義相似。 Ethnorelativism is similar to empathy. 相對民族主義與同理心 (移情作用)相似。

32. Ethnorelativism is Cultural Empathy 相對民族主義等於文化同理心 (移情作用) One World or Many.doc

33. Five Basic Questions Every Culture Must Answer:每個文化必須回答的五大基本問題: 1. What is human nature?甚麼是人性? 2. How do humans relate to the environment?人類與環境的關係如何? 3. What is the time focus of human activity?人類活動的時間著眼點為何? 4. What is the nature of human activity?人類活動的性質為何? 5. How do humans relate to one another?人與人之間的關係如何?

34. Individualism Group Orientation個人主義 群體取向 Formality Informality體制 非體制 Directness Indirectness直接 間接 Past Future過去 未來 Change Permanence 改變 恆久

35. 1. In some ways, all people are alike.人類有些地方是相似的 • In some ways people are like others in the same group.在同個團體裡的人，某些地方有共同性 • In some ways people are unique. • 人類有些地方是有其獨特性的

36. Change Permanence 改變 恆久

37. American Advertising slogan:美國廣告口號： At General Electric … Progress is our most important product. 在通用電氣公司... 進步是我們最重要的產品。

38. Islamic Proverb 伊斯蘭諺語 Better 1000 years of tyranny than one day of chaos.千年專制勝過於一天的混亂 Saudi anniversary slogan:沙特週年的口號： 60 years of progress…六十年的發展… without change. 未曾改變

39. Individualism Group orientation 個人主義 群體取向

40. Individualism 個人主義 Change Permanence 改變 恆久 Many Middle-Eastern cultures 許多中東文化 Group orientation 群體取向

41. Formal Informal 體制的 非體制的

42. Assumption 假設狀況 Informality = Comfortability.非體制=舒適。 Reality:真實狀況： Formality = Comfortability.體制=舒適。

43. Directness Indirectness 直接 間接

44. The Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. 黃金法則 己所欲，施於人(己所不欲，勿施於人)

45. The Platinum RuleDo unto others as they would have you do unto them.白金法則人之所欲，施於人(人之所不欲，勿施於人)

46. Culture Shock文化衝擊 The profound sense of disorientation and discomfort that comes with extended travel or living in a foreign culture markedly different from one’s own. Culture Shock.doc 在外長途旅行或生活於與原生截然不同的 異國文化裡，而深切的感到迷惑與不安。

47. Stages of Culture Shock:文化衝擊的發展階段: Initial enthusiasm and euphoria初期的熱情和興奮 Irritability and negativism煩躁和負面思維 Gradual adjustment and adaptation逐步調整和適應 Integration and bi-culturalism 融入與雙重文化

48. Culture Shock Cycle文化衝擊週期 Rotary Youth Exchange Pre-Departure出發前 Months 月(交換時間) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Return 回國... Normal Level of Feelings 情緒標準值 Adapted from a model by Robert Kohls

49. The Inbound SyndromeInbound症候群The Inbound Syndrome revised.doc

50. Culture Shock Cycle文化衝擊週期 Rotary Youth Exchange Months 月(交換時間) Pre-Departure出發前 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Return 回國…... Normal Level of Feelings 情緒標準值 Adapted from a model by Robert Kohls