Understanding Global Cultures

1. UnderstandingGlobal Cultures A “Four-Stage Model” of Cross-Cultural Understanding

2. A Four-Stage Model of Cross-Cultural Understanding • four-cell typology of process / goal orientation • more specificity • inclusion of other “etic” or culture-general dimensions along which specific cultures have been shown to vary • cultural metaphors are employed for understanding a culture

3. A Four-Stage Model of Cross-Cultural Understanding • four-cell typology of process / goal orientation

4. “Four-Stage Model” one variable of the is the degree to which process such as effective communication and getting to know one another in depth should precede discussion of specific goals

5. “Four-Stage Model” another variable is the degree to which a culture fosters and encourages open emotional expression

6. Fig. 1.1. Process, Goals, and Expression of Emotions (p. 14)

7. Cultural Metaphors • four generic types of cultures • horizontal collectivism • community sharing • vertical collectivism • hierarchical (authority) ranking • horizontal individualism • equality matching • vertical individualism • market pricing

8. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

9. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

10. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Horizontal Collectivism / Community Sharing • reflects community sharing in which members of the in-group share all of their goods • as in a small village • even to the extent that there is no such phenomenon as theft

11. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Horizontal Collectivism / Community Sharing • not much differentiation between individuals • ethics are based on group membership • in-group or out-group • members of out-groups are viewed as nonpersons

12. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

13. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Collectivism / Authority Ranking Cultures • Ch. 02 The Thai Kingdom • Ch. 03 The Japanese Garden • Ch. 04 India: The Dance of Shiva • Ch. 05 Bedouin Jewelry and Saudi Arabia • Ch. 06 The Turkish Coffeehouse • Ch. 07 The Brazilian Samba • Ch. 08 The Polish Village Church • Ch. 09 Kimchi and Korea

14. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Collectivism / Authority Ranking Cultures • authority ranking • found in large parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America • involves a psychological relationship between the leader or leaders and all others in the culture

15. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Collectivism / Authority Ranking Cultures • frequently, such a culture is symbolized not by the handshake, which reflects equality, but by different forms of bowing

16. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Collectivism / Authority Ranking Cultures • there is a dynamic, two-way relationship between subordinates and leaders in authority ranking cultures • although the leaders receive more rewards, they are responsible for safeguarding the livelihoods of subordinates

17. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

18. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Horizontal Individualism / Equality Matching Cultures • Ch. 10 The German Symphony • Ch. 11 The Swedish Stuga • Ch. 12 Irish Conversations

19. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Horizontal Individualism / Equality Matching Cultures • equality matching • dominant in Scandinavian nations • Sweden • Norway • all individuals are considered equal, even when some are taxed heavily

20. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Horizontal Individualism / Equality Matching Cultures • it is expected that those who cannot make individual contributions to the common good will do so at a later time if possible

21. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

22. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Individualism / Market Pricing Cultures • Ch. 13 American Football • Ch. 14 The Traditional British House

23. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Individualism / Market Pricing Cultures • market pricing • found in the United States and other market-dominated nations

24. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Individualism / Market Pricing Cultures • although individualism is emphasized, so, too, is the free market • inequality resulting from the operation of the free market is deemed acceptable

25. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Individualism / Market Pricing Cultures • there is equality of opportunity and a level playing field • but not equality of outcomes

26. Four Generic Types of Cultures • Vertical Individualism / Market Pricing Cultures • ethics revolves around the operation of a free market

27. Cultural Metaphors • four generic types of cultures, plus • “Cleft National Cultures” • one in which the subcultures of the diverse ethnic groups are difficult to integrate . . . • “Torn National Cultures” • one, such as Russia, that has been torn from its roots at least once

28. Cultural Metaphors “Cleft National Cultures” • Ch. 15 The Malaysian Balik Kampung • Ch. 16 The Nigerian Marketplace • Ch. 17 The Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim • Ch. 18 The Italian Opera • Ch. 19 Belgian Lace

29. Cultural Metaphors “Torn National Cultures” • Ch. 20 The Mexican Fiesta • Ch. 21 The Russian Ballet

30. Cultural Metaphors “Same Metaphor, Different Meanings” • Ch. 22 The Spanish Bullfight • Ch. 23 The Portuguese Bullfight

31. Cultural Metaphors “Beyond National Boarders” • Ch. 24 The Chinese Family Altar

32. Scaling • nominal • ordinal • interval • ratio After H. Russell Bernard, Research Methods in Anthropology, 1994

33. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

34. Scaling • Horizontal Collectivism / Community Sharing • nominal scaling • only names are given to entities • in-group vs. out-group

35. Scaling nominal scaling • naming something

36. Scaling nominal scaling • a nominal variable is an item on a list of things • the variables are mutually exclusive • but they do not exhaust the possibilities

37. Scaling religion • Hindu • Moslem • Buddhist • Christian • Druid • “Other”

38. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

39. Scaling • Vertical Collectivism / Authority Ranking Cultures • ordinal scaling • individual A may be more important than individual B, and individual C may be more important than individual B, but there is no common unit of measurement

40. Scaling ordinal scaling • putting things in order

41. Scaling ordinal scaling • ordinal variables are exhaustive and mutually exclusive • and their values can be rank ordered

42. Scaling ordinal scaling • high • medium • low

43. Scaling socioeconomic class (SES) • upper class • middle class • lower class

44. Scaling types of political organization • “peasant society” • “primitive state” • “chiefdom” • “tribe” • “band”

45. Scaling ordinal scaling • in general, concepts are measured at the ordinal level

46. Scaling level of acculturation • very acculturated • somewhat acculturated • unacculturated

47. Scaling ordinal scaling • what ordinal variables do not tell us is how much more • the most important characteristic of ordinal measure is that there is no way to tell how far apart the attributes are from one another

48. Fig. 1.2. Four Generic Types of Cultures (p. 15)

49. Scaling • Horizontal Individualism / Equality Matching Cultures • interval scale • culture does have a common unit of measurement, but it does not make value judgments about individual worth • there are too many dimensions along which individuals can be measures

50. Scaling interval scaling • putting items at fixed intervals