Chapter 6 Learning and Remembering

1. Chapter 6 Learning and Remembering

2. Nov. 14, 2013 Chapter 6.1 Outline • Learning and Remembering • Overview of Long Term Memory • Episodic and Semantic Memory • Procedural and Declarative Memory • Mnemonics and Mnemonists • Ebbinghaus • Metamemory Study Question. • What are mnemonics? Describe a couple of different mnemonics. How do mnemonic devices improve memory?

3. Memory Declarative (Explicit) Nondeclarative (Implicit) Endel Tulving Facts (Semantic) Events (Episodic) Priming Nonassociative Learning Skills/ Habits Classical Conditioning Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory

4. Endel Tulving Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Tulving’s episodic and semantic distinction • Episodic memory: Memory for events. • Semantic memory: Memory for facts. • The implicit / explicit distinction • Implicit memory: Memory without awareness • tested using indirect measures. • E.g., Fragment completion: D A N __ __ __ • Explicit memory: Memory with awareness. • Tested using direct measures. • E.g., Recognition: D A N G E R

5. Endel Tulving Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • The procedural / declarative distinction • Procedural memory: Memory for doing things. • Declarative memory: Explicit memory. • E.g., Milner’s Experiment with H.M.

6. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • The procedural / declarative distinction

7. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory

8. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Mnemonics

9. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Mnemonics • How good is your memory?

10. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Mnemonics • Mnemonics:Strategies and tricks for improving memory. • Mnemonists:Individuals who demonstrate extraordinary memory ability. • Imagery and Memory • Advantage of Pictures over Words • Advantage of concrete over abstract nouns • Many mnemonics exploit imagery • The method of loci • The pegword method • Luria’s Mnemonist (SV). • Synaesthesia, revisited

11. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Three mnemonic principles • Structure for learning • Encoding (rehearsal) • Use of images/rhymes/acronyms • Deep, durable memories (storage) • Storage or retention (depth of processing) • Retrieval Cues (retrieval)

12. Hermann von Ebbinghause Savings (%) Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • The Ebbinghaus tradition • The relearning task • Savings score: the reduction in the number of trials necessary for relearning as compared with original learning. • The forgetting curve

13. Hermann von Ebbinghause Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • The Ebbinghaus tradition • Evaluation • Problems with the (exclusive) use of nonsense syllables • AUP, DWN, LEF, RGT, BAK, FOW • Real life memory • The current position • Meaning is central to the study of LTM • Participants in studies use mnemonics • Ecological validity is important

14. Learning and Remembering • An overview of long term memory • Metamemory - Knowledge about one’s memory system and its functioning. • Metacognition - knowledge about one’s cognitive system and its functioning. • Two issues • Self-monitoring and awareness • “feeling of knowing” judgements • -> Problem with overconfidence • Self-regulation • Strategy selection to improve performance