T R A D I T I O N A L

2. Assimilation Continuum A S S M I L A T I O N T R A D I T I O N A L Federal Policy of Assimilation and Manifest Destiny 1871 1831 1887 1924 1934 1947-70 Bi-Cultural person Period of Cultural Shame 2009 1973 1978 Bi-Cultural person Period of Cultural Pride Treatment Modalities and Assessments To consider

3. Cultural Foundations of ICWA • Concern about the loss of tribal culture • Loss of language • Loss of spiritual foundations of tribal life • Basic philosophical loss of tribal history and people • Preservation of tribal child’s heritage • Future of tribes were seen in a very precarious position • So many adult tribal children coming back without a clue as to who they are

4. History behind the need for ICWA

5. Civilization Act, early 1800s • The act intended to “civilize” and “Christianize” Indians through federal and private means.

6. Indian Boarding Schools1860s – Current Day • Children removed from home and sent to military style boarding schools

7. AODA • Alcohol problems effect the reservation communities much more then dominate communities because everyone is related to one another • “Problem Drinking” major type of drinking behavior • Alcohol introduced early in the trade intercourse between US government and tribal nation as a prelude agreement

8. AODA CONTIUMM Dependent or an alcoholic About 7% of the population Social drinking Problem Drinking Experimental use e This where a majority of AODA problems occur “Drink to get Drunk” Causes them problems

9. An Elder Teacher Cultural resilience helps work and Deal with on going Social problems Being a Parent Everyday social Problems Can come at Any time Using and living cultural tools Ability to deal with everyday Problems Strong Cultural Identity foundation Weak Not met Basic Human Needs – Food, Shelter – are met Historical Social Problems

10. Cultural Social Network Ceremonies, Family Rituals Extended Family Resource Spiritual advisors, tribal language Social Problem Or Perceived Crisis When it is Strong Resolution Becomes a Major Problem When it is Weak Family, friends, Priests, Counselors, teachers, Social Network

11. Areas of Assessment: Family life Social life Self concept Self esteem Self image Education Spirituality Tribal language 1 to 10 Comfort Assimilated Traditional Confusion 1 to 10

12. FAMILY ROLES IN AN ALCOHOL FAMILY The co-dependent enabler Addict Super hero Placator Mascot Lost child scapegoat

13. Family Intervention • Find a person to do the intervention • Get as many individuals who are close to the individual – family, friends, co-workers • Find place to do the intervention • Have them practice a starting phrase “because of your drinking I have seen and felt this…” • Have treatment facility ready • Prep family for their follow up in the treatment process

14. Intervention • Each member look into their own personal memory and find a family or friend who was having a problem with drinking and what was the observational behavior • One student be an IP • Start the intervention process described • Process the feelings

15. Cultural Oppression • Oppressive behavior among one another based upon low-grade depression • See culture as bad or pagan • Culture Used only in contextual situations • Not used as a way of life • Culture is marginalized not seen as the main paradigm of cultural learning • Colonialism – “Great White Father syndrome”

16. Dysfunctional family dynamics • Institutional parenting from boarding schools • Traditional methods of conflict resolution not learned or used • Communication patterns disrupted • Domestic violence (no domestic violence prior to contact with European colonizers) • Child physical and sexual abuse • Intergenerational anger lingers • Historical Trauma – Post traumatic cultural syndrome

17. Health problems • Diabetes as a major health problem • Suicide among youth • Mental health problems • High risk behaviors • High stress levels: Duluth AODA councilor program study

18. Cultural Continuum Assimilated Period of Cultural Shame Traditional Treaties -- removal – wards – allotment – boarding schools -- foster care and Adoption Acculturated process Traditional Bi-cultural Assimilated 631 contracts – ICWA --Casinos –Cultural reaffirmation –tribal schools Building on Cultural strengths of tribal nations Period of Cultural Pride

19. Unemployment • Prior to Casinos unemployment rates were averaging between 50 to 80% • Some casinos make just enough to pay employees • Rates are down to 15 to 20 percent, some are higher depending on the location of reservation • Seasonal types of employment • Per-cap distribution varies from no per cap distribution to several hundred thousand. Most tribes have no per-cap distribution

20. Urban areas • Relocation of reservation based families to large urban areas • Values different; movement from collective to individualism • Types of violent environments children are growing up • Movement away from cultural values and teachings

21. Problems living on Reservation • Many families returning; infrastructure not set up to deal with large numbers returning • Housing • Urban Values of individualism conflicts with rural reservation values • Everyone knows one another • Low level of community depression • Reservation schools

22. Social Problems • On the Reservations • In urban areas • Unemployment • AODA • School • Interpersonal dynamics • Dysfunctional family dynamics • Cultural oppression • Oppressive among one another • Poverty • Casinos

23. Dates • 1831 – Marshall decision: domestic sovereign nations • 1871 – treaties end; are made wards of Federal government; churches involvement in education and civilization of tribal people • 1887 – Dawes allotment Act – met to make farmers out of tribal people dividing up tribal land • 1924 – given citizenship • 1934 – Indian reorganization Act – ends allotment; Indian new deal • 1947-70 – relocation period, rez to urban areas • 1973 – Indian self determination Act • 1978 – Indian Child Welfare Act

24. Community Family Individual Cultural Strengths Social and Cultural Problems Cultural Competency Foundation Understanding Social Cultural Historical Change