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ANALISIS EKOTOKSIKOLOGI Oleh Sudrajat FMIPA UNMUL 2010

ANALISIS EKOTOKSIKOLOGI Oleh Sudrajat FMIPA UNMUL 2010. Pencemaran air: sumber, tipe dan efeknya.

cassandra-romanos
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ANALISIS EKOTOKSIKOLOGI Oleh Sudrajat FMIPA UNMUL 2010

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  1. ANALISIS EKOTOKSIKOLOGI Oleh Sudrajat FMIPA UNMUL 2010

  2. Pencemaran air: sumber, tipe dan efeknya • Pencemaran air adalah perubahan kualitas komponen kimia, biologis atau fisika di dalam perairan yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan terhadap kehidupan organisme atau perairan menjadi tidak sesuai dengan peruntukkannya. - Point source: specific location (drain pipes, ditches, sewer lines). - Nonpoint source: cannot be traced to a single site of discharge (atmospheric deposition, agricultural / industrial / residential runoff)

  3. Types and Sources of Water Pollution Water Quality Do (ppm) at 20˚C Good 8-9 Slightly polluted 6.7-8 Moderately polluted 4.5-6.7 Heavily polluted Below 4.5 Gravely polluted Below 4 • Point sources • Nonpoint sources • Biological oxygen demand • Water quality Pg. 535

  4. Water pollution Bacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic worms Oxygen demanding substances Inorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicals Sediment or suspended matter Thermal pollution Genetic pollution

  5. Pollution of Streams • Oxygen sag curve Fig. 20-5

  6. Pollution of Lakes Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) • Eutrophication Fig .22.7, p. 499

  7. Polluted air Pesticides and fertilizers Hazardous waste injection well Deicing road salt Coal strip mine runoff Buried gasoline and solvent tanks Gasoline station Pumping well Cesspool, septic tank Water pumping well Waste lagoon Sewer Leakage from faulty casing Landfill Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow

  8. Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Runoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Closed shellfish beds Closed beach Oxygen-depleted zone Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Fig. 21-10, p. 505

  9. Odors Odors may cause illness or indicate presence of harmful gases. Dust Particles Particles of dried sludge carry viruses and harmful bacteria that can be inhaled, infect cuts or enter homes. BUFFER ZONE Exposure Children may walk or play in fertilized fields. Livestock Poisoning Cows may die after grazing on sludge-treated fields. Sludge Groundwater Contamination Harmful chemicals and pathogens may leach into groundwater and shallow wells. Surface Runoff Harmful chemicals and pathogens may pollute nearby streams,lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Fig. 21-17, p. 513

  10. Polutan Utama Perairan dan Efeknya

  11. Epidemi Cholera

  12. Hubungan antara suhu perairan dengan outbreaks (KLB) cholera

  13. Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Clean Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Types of organisms 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 8 ppm Clean Zone Biological oxygen demand Recovery Zone Septic Zone Decomposition Zone Clean Zone

  14. Problem Pengendalian Kualitas Air - Asam tambang - Eutrofikasi perairan - Microcystins - Keracunan radionuclide dan logam berat dari pertambangan - Cyanobacteria - Turunnya daya dukung perairan - Polutan di atas Baku Mutu Lingkungan Hidup

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