American Red Cross

1. American Red Cross First Aid and CPR -- Adult

2. Lesson One Introduction – Before Giving Care

3. Key Points • Purpose: • Help participants identify and eliminate potentially hazardous conditions. • Recognize and make appropriate decisions for first aid care. • This course teaches skills needed to give immediate care until more advanced medical care arrives.

4. Recognizing and Responding to an Emergency Key points: • By recognizing an emergency and taking immediate action to help, you will provide the best chance for survival • Emergencies can often be recognized because of an unusual sight, appearances, behaviors, odors, or noises.

5. Using Senses to Recognize Emergencies • Unusual sights • Blood • Smoke or fire • Broken items • People milling around

6. Unusual Appearances or Behaviors • One who is noticeably uncomfortable • One who is clutches his / her chest or throat • One who is unconscious • One who appears to be confused or drowsy for unknown reasons • One who has trouble breathing

7. Unusual Odors • Unusual odors of the person’s breath • Gasoline • Natural gas • Smoke • An unrecognizable smell

8. Unusual Noises • Screaming • Sudden silence for infants or children • An explosion • Items falling • Tires screeching • Metal Crashing • Changes in machinery sounds (e.g., pitch, tone) • Breaking Glass

9. Overcoming Barriers to Act • Presence of others • Uncertainty about the person’s condition • Fear of catching a disease • Fear of doing something wrong • Fear of being sued • Being unsure of when to call 911

10. Good Samaritan Laws • Enacted to protect people who voluntarily give emergency care, without accepting anything in return. • Laws protect you as long as you – • Act in good faith • Are not negligent • Act within the scope of your training

11. Obtaining Consent • You MUST obtain permission to help • If one refuses care, call 911 • If unconscious, confused or seriously ill & not able to grant consent, the consent is implied.

12. Obtaining Consent • If a minor, get consent from parent or guardian ASAP • Implied consent for a child means the parent or guardian would agree for care to be given

13. To Obtain Consent • State your name • Tell the person you are trained in first aid • Ask the person if you can help • Explain what you think might be wrong • Explain what you plan to do

14. Preventing Disease Transmission • Avoid contact with: • Blood • Body fluids • Use PPE such as: • Gloves • CPR barriers • Wash hands immediately after care

15. Key Points • The risk of getting a disease is extremely rare: • Taking precautions can reduce this even further • Whenever possible, you should use Universal Precautions

16. Emergency Action Steps • Key Points: • Follow the emergency action steps: • CHECK • CALL • CARE • Check the scene for safety • Check the person for life-threatening conditions • Call 911 • Care for the ill or injured person

17. If alone, call first or care first • Call first: • Cardiac emergencies • Unconscious adult • Witnessed sudden collapse of infant or child • Unconscious infant or child with known heart problems • Care first: • Breathing emergencies • 2 minutes of care then call 911 • Unwitnessed collapse of someone under 12 yrs of age • Any victim of drowning

18. Moving a person can lead to further injury. You should move a person only when safe to do so or if there is immediate danger.

19. Lesson 2 Checking an Ill or Injured Person

20. Life Threatening Injuries/Illness • Unconsciousness • Not breathing or having trouble breathing • Choking • Persistent chest pain • No signs of life (normal breathing or movement) • Severe bleeding • Shock • Seizures (that recur, last more than 5 min.)

21. Checking a Conscious Adult • Key Points • Adult: over 12 years of age • After checking the scene for safety, check the adult • Obtain consent to give care • Head to toe examination • Care based on conditions found • Take steps to minimize shock

22. Life-threatening condition in which there is not enough blood being delivered to all parts of the body • Develops after a serious injury or illness including: • severe bleeding • Serious internal injury • Blood or body fluid loss

23. Signs of Shock • Restlessness or irritability • Altered level of consciousness • Nausea or Vomiting • Pale, ashen, cool, moist skin • Rapid breathing and pulse • Excessive thirst

24. Care of Shock • Call 911 • Have the person lie down • Control any external bleeding • Elevate the person’s legs 12 inches (unless you suspect head, neck or back injuries) • Cover with 1 blanket • DO NOT give anything to eat or drink • Reassure the person • Monitor airway, breathing, and circulation

25. Checking an Unconscious Adult • Check the scene for safety • Check the person for life-threatening conditions • Remember the ABC’s • Airway • Breathing • Circulation

26. Airway • Open airway • Breathing • Look, listen, feel • Two breaths • Circulation • Check for pulse • Carotid pulse (neck) adult • Brachial pulse (mid-arm) infant

27. Lesson 9 Soft Tissue Injury

28. Key Point • Five leading causes of injury-related to death • Motor vehicle crashes • Falls • Poisonings • Drownings • Choking • Two basic types of injury • Soft tissue • Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones, joints)

29. Types of Wounds 1. Soft tissues include layers of skin, fat, & muscle 2. Damage may be at the skin level or deeper in the body 3. A physical injury that damages the layers of skin is called a wound. 4. Wounds are typically classified as either opened or closed.

30. Care for a closed wound: • Apply direct pressure • Elevate the injured body part if it does not cause more pain • Apply ice or a cold pack • Never put ice directly on the skin • Leave ice or cold pack on 20 minutes, remove for 20 minutes, then ice 20 minutes

31. Types of open wounds: • Abrasions • Lacerations

32. Types of open wounds: • Avulsions or amputations • Punctures

33. Care for an open wound • Use a barrier between your hand and the wound • Apply pressure to control bleeding • Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. If possible irrigate the wound for 5 minutes with clean running water. • Apply Neosporin or triple antibiotic to minor wound. • Cover the wound with a sterile or clean dressing and a bandage. • ·        If a person has a closed or open wound and complains of severe pain or cannot move a body part without pain or if you think the force that caused the injury was great enough to cause serious damage, seek advanced medical care stat.

34. Controlling Bleeding • Shock can develop from a serious injury that results from severe external or internal bleeding • Signs of internal bleeding: • Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas of the body. Example: abdomen • Rapid, weak pulse • Skin that feels cool or moist or looks pale or bluish

35. Excessive thirst • Becoming confused, faint, drowsy or unconscious • Vomiting or coughing up blood

36. Controlling Open Wound Bleeding • Elevate & Apply pressure with a gauze dressing • If bleeds through dressing, apply another dressing over previous… NEVER remove a dressing.

37. Controlling Open Wound Bleeding • Apply a roller bandage • Tie knot over the wound – tape dressing • Check fingers / toes for circulation

38. Elevation • Pressure Points • Rt. and Lt. Brachial Artery • Rt. and Lt. Femoral Artery

40. Pressure on Brachial Artery • Put Thumb on outside of arm, fingers on inside of middle upper arm and Squeeze….

41. Pressure on Femoral Artery • Place heel of hand directly over femoral artery (located between upper leg and pubic area), lean forward keeping arm straight and apply pressure.

42. Tourniquet • USE ONLY AS A LAST RESORT !!!!!!!!! • Once applied Never loosen • Get Help at Once!!

43. Burns • Cause: • Thermal (heat) • Chemicals • Electricity • Radiation

44. Classifications: by depth • 1st degree • sunburn • epidermis only • never blisters • not calculated in burn extent • 2nd degree • through the epidermis into the dermis • pink, moist, painful • white, dry, less sensation • 3rd degree • All three layers burned • May be tissue damage to the bone • May or may not be painful

45. Caring for a Minor Burn • Do: • Check scene for safety • Remove source of burn • Cool 1st and 2nd degree burns with cool running water • Cover wound loosely with a sterile dressing

46. DO NOT!!!! • Use ice • Break blisters • Remove pieces of clothing stuck to burn • Use any type of ointment on a severe burns • Do not immerse 3rd degree burns in water • Do not touch the area of a burn with anything but a clean covering

47. Chemical Burns • Remove contaminated clothing if possible • Brush off dry chemicals • Flush burn with water for 15 to 20 minutes • Flush eye, if chemical in eye, for 15 – 20 min.

48. Electrical Burns • Look First, Do Not Touch • DO NOT go near person until he/she is not in contact with power source • High-voltage: call 911 • Turn off power source • Observe for cardiac arrest • Care for shock, thermal burns • All need advanced medical care

49. When to Call 911 • Trouble breathing • Burns covers more than one body part or a large surface area • Suspected burns to the airway • Burns to the head, neck, hands, feet or genitals • 3rd degree burns in victims under 5, adults over 60 years • Burns from chemicals, explosions, or electricity

50. Lesson 10 Injuries to Muscles, Bones and Joints