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Early South American Civilization: The Chavin (1200-250 B.C.E.)

Early South American Civilization: The Chavin (1200-250 B.C.E.). Chapter 2 / Section 3 FINISHED!!!. South America. The Chavin in the Andes. The Chavin in the Andes. The Center of the Chavin and there Areas of Influence. “Cleaned-Up” Satellite Image of the Peru. Geography.

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Early South American Civilization: The Chavin (1200-250 B.C.E.)

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  1. Early South American Civilization: The Chavin(1200-250 B.C.E.) Chapter 2 / Section 3 FINISHED!!!

  2. South America

  3. The Chavin in the Andes

  4. The Chavin in the Andes

  5. The Center of the Chavin and there Areas of Influence

  6. “Cleaned-Up” Satellite Image of the Peru

  7. Geography • Mountain Core (Andes Mountains) • Arid costal plain • Dense interior jungles

  8. Andes Mountains of Peru

  9. Agricultural Terraces in the Foothills of Peru

  10. Coastal Plains of Peru

  11. Interior Jungles of Peru

  12. Diverse environment • The development of specialized regional production • Complex social institutions • Characteristic cultural values ↓ • Interregional exchanges • Shared labor responsibilities

  13. Earliest Urban Centers: Villages along the coastal plain or in the foothills near the coast Why there? Reasons: 1) Dependable food supply (fish & mollusks) 2) Trade in seafood for corn & textiles → Cultural exchange: ceremonial practices, religious beliefs, & art

  14. Mollusks: abalone, clams, oysters, snails

  15. Mollusks cont.: octopus, squid

  16. Caral in the Supe Valley(2600 B.C.E.) Characteristics considered hallmarks of later Andean civilizations: • Ceremonial plazas • Pyramids • Elevated platforms and mounds • Extensive irrigation works → Population of thousands → Political structure capable of organizing maritime & agricultural trade over a broad area

  17. Caral in the Supe Valley

  18. Caral in the Supe Valley

  19. The Chavin • Early South American civilization • Capital: Chavin de Huantar (cha-BEAN day WAHN-tar) • At an elevation of 13,000 ft • North of today’s city of Lima (today’s capital city of Peru)

  20. Chavin de Hunatar(a World Heritage Site)

  21. Chavin de Huantar Plaza

  22. Underground Chamber

  23. Densely populated region • Connected the Peruvian coastal plains, the Andean foothills, & the tropical lowlands of the eastern Andes → Control of trade by Chavin’s political elite → Economic advantage & influence over their rivals → Dominance as a ceremonial & commercial center

  24. So, what made Chavin trade so influential? • Introduction of maize cultivation from Mesoamerica  increased food supplies on the coastal plains and the foothills  population growth  urbanization  Chavin grew

  25. As Chavin grew  trade b/w the coast and a) the high mountain valleys (quinoa, potatoes, & llamas) b) the jungle (coca leaves & fruits)

  26. Quinoa

  27. Coca Leaves

  28. The Significance of the Llama • First domesticated in the mountainous interior of Peru • Provided meat, wool, & transportation • Could carry up to 70 lbs (human: 50 lbs) • Promoted specialization of production and increased trade • Llamas to Peru: Camels to trans-Saharan trade

  29. Consequences of trade & urbanization: • Communal work • Reciprocal labor organization ↓ Construction & maintenance of: • Roads, bridges • Temples, palaces • Irrigation, drainage • Textile production

  30. Chavin de Huantar Temple

  31. Columns of the Temple

  32. Water Ditch in Chavin de Huantar

  33. Carved Pillar & Stone Face Inside and Outside the Temple

  34. How did reciprocal labor organization work? • Groups of related families • Held land together • Claimed descent from a common ancestor • Referred to one another as brothers and sisters • Obligated to help one another

  35. Material Culture 1) Architectural style: • Large complex of multilevel platforms • Small buildings on the platforms (rituals or elite residences) • Construction materials: packed earth, rubble, cut stone, or adobe (sun-dried clay bricks & straw) • Buildings decorated w/ relief carvings (serpents, condors, jaguars, humans)

  36. 2) Metallurgy: a) High-quality, 3D silver, gold, & gold alloy ornaments b) Only used by the elite or in religious rituals c) Most common decorative motif: jaguar-man (similar to the Olmec symbol)

  37. 3) Pottery styles:

  38. Chavin Religious Beliefs • Jaguar-man • An enduring image of religious authority • A vehicle through which the gods could act in the world of humans

  39. Diffusion of Chavin culture over a wide area: The Chavin must have imposed on their neighbors: • Some form of political integration • Trade dependency ↑ Needed military power to accomplish them.

  40. The Chavin must have also had a convincing religious system and rituals that attracted other people • Chavin de Huantar also served as a pilgrimage site

  41. The Chavin Social Structure • Religious elite: priests • Political elite: king / local chiefs (differences in dress styles: high-quality textiles, gold crowns, breastplates, jewelry) • Skilled artisans

  42. Chavin Textiles

  43. Chavin Gold Jewelry

  44. What happened to the Chavin? • No evidence of conquest or rebellion • Historians do not know the exact cause • BUT, they do know: • Increased warfare in the region (at around 200 B.C.E)  • Disrupted trade & undermined the authority of the political elite

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