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Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria. Chapter 16 Notes. Bacteria are very small. This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria. Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei. Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it. Bacteria.
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Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC):- Archaea- Bacteria Chapter 16 Notes
This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria
Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it Bacteria
Evolution/Classification • Bacteria are the most numerous and most ancient species on Earth • Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. • Bacteria are grouped based on: • Structure, physiology (function), molecular Composition and reaction to specific types of staining procedures. • Eubacteria= typical germs/bacteria • Archaebacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria –Type, Structure, Functions • Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea • (use to be one domain-Monera) • Prokaryotes = unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. • Lack a peptidoglycan layer • Have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria • First discovered in extreme environments
Three types of Archaebacteria: • Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas • Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts • Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. • Thermophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. • Hot Springs, volcanic vents
Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.
Nutrition: • Same as Eubacteria! Reproduction and Growth: • Same as Eubacteria!
Kingdom Eubacteria Types, Structure, Functions • Can have one of 3 basic shapes: • Bacilli – rod-shaped • Spirilla – spiral-shaped • Cocci – sphere-shaped • Staphylo– in grape-like clusters • Strepto – in chains SHOW ME
Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea
Staphylo-bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts
Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats
Gram Stain • Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple • Have thicker layer in cell wall. • Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead.
Nutrition and Growth: • Heterotrophic or Autotrophic • Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy • Some are Chemoautotrophs. • Many are Obligate Anaerobes. • Oxygen = Death • Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus • Some are Faculatative Anaerobes • With or without Oxygen • Ex. Escherichia Coli • Some are Obligate Aerobes • Ex.Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Temperature requirements • Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.
These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells
Reproduction and Growth: • DNA is circle or loop shape • Asexual reproduction • Reproduce through BINARY FISSION. • Binary Fission is like mitosis but produce a COMPLETELY new organism! (Not just a new part of an organism) • Can reproduce and grow very quickly – thousands of new bacteria within minutes!
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION 1) First the DNA is copied
NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES • Then the two resulting cells are split. • 3) Offspring are identical
In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids.
Genetic Recombination • Nonreproductive methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material.
TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein
Helicobacterpylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers
Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.
BOTOX – uses bacteria that causes botulism (spoiled canned food)
Antibiotic use: • Through antibiotics, many bacteria can be killed. Therefore many of the diseases are treatable. • However, many antibiotics have been overused, causing bacterial diseases to become more difficult to treat. = Antibiotic resistance
Useful and Helpful Bacteria: Examples: • Producing and Processing dairy foods like cheeses, yogurts, etc. • Breaking down dead organic material in decomposition. • Intestinal bacteria help produce necessary nutrients, break down food, and aid in immunity.