Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains

1. Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain

2. Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia

3. Characteristics of Plants • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Cannot move from place to place • Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize • Thick cell walls made of cellulose (carbohydrate)

4. Review of Photosynthesis Words: Carbon Dioxide + Water---Glucose + Oxygen Symbols: CO2 + H2O --------- C6H12O6 + O2

5. Evolution of Plants • The common ancestor of ALL plants is thought to be green algae. • In the early evolution of plants, they made the transition from aquatic to land environments. • The most crucial ingredient for movement to land is water and it is in short supply.

6. Special Adaptations • Cuticle to prevent water loss • Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis • Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals • Stems for support and transport of food, water and minerals • Vascular tissues for transport in some plants • Most have seeds for reproduction • Alternation of generations

7. Special Adaptations • Most plants have a waxy cuticle which covers their leaves and stems which prevents water loss. • Cuticle is made of phospholipids. • The phospholipids head is polar and attracted to water. • The cuticle is clear and this is important so that light rays can reach the chloroplast for photosynthesis.

8. Alternation of GenerationsSee Study guide page 2 Multicellular diploid organism(2n) sporophyte mitosis meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote(2n) Unicellular haploid cells(n) (spores) fertilization Unicellularhaploid gametes(n) mitosis Multicellularhaploid organism(n) gametophyte mitosis

9. Human life cycle Multicellular diploid organism(2n) mitosis meiosis Unicellulardiploid zygote(2n) Unicellular haploid cells(gametes)(n) fertilization Meiosis – splitting chromosome pairs – 2n  nMitosis – making exact copy

10. Protists / fungi / plants Multicellular diploid organism(2n) sporophyte mitosis meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote(2n) Unicellular haploid cells(n) (spores) fertilization Unicellularhaploid gametes(n) mitosis Multicellularhaploid organism(n) gametophyte mitosis

11. Bryophytes • think moss

12. Bryophytes sporophyte gametophyte

13. Plant Evolution • Plants are divided into: 1. VASCULAR-special tissue for carrying water and nutrients 2. NONVASCULAR-diffusion used to transport water and nutrients

14. Plant Evolution • The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants (ferns) • The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers

15. Nonvascular vs VascularSeedless vs Seed • Bryophytes are the non-vascular seedless plants with our focus on the moss • The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless • The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers which are vascular and have seeds

16. Cladogram-Vascular Tissue Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

17. Vascular tissue • Set of tubes that transport materials around plant • Allows plants to grow taller • Water travels up through xylem • Sugar travels throughout in phloem

18. Ferns live further on land • Still must be in moist areas • Sporophyte survives with vascular tissue which helps conduct water • But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte

19. Fern gametophyte

20. Ginkgophyta • A division of seed plants that have only one living species • The leaves of the plant are fan shaped • For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China.

21. Alternation of Generations • An alternation between two distinct forms or generations that reproduce differently • One generation is haploid and reproduces sexually • The other generation is diploid and reproduces asexually

22. Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and Sporophyte Notice that the more advanced plants have a dominant Sporophyte and the less advanced plants have a more dominant Gametophyte

23. Moss Life Cycle Moss Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html

24. Fern Life Cycle Fern Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html

25. Alternation of Generations By definition, all plants alternate generations Gametophyte n=haploid Sporophyte 2n=diploid

26. Cladogram-Pollen Grains/Seeds Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

27. Gymnosperms • Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) female ovary male pollen cone

28. Pine treeGymnosperms tiny gametophyte inside cone sporophyte sporophyte dominates

29. Gymnosperm pollen strategy • Release a lot, hope some pollinate • (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else) • Pollen is the male sperm in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

30. OTHER ADAPTATIONS Vascular Tissue-Used for Transport Xylem specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the roots Phloem cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis to all parts of the plant Vascular Cambium The specialized tissue that gives rise to new Xylem and Phloem This is the tissue that brings about the growth of a tree trunk

31. ADAPTATIONSLeaf Structure in Angiosperms • The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis • Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll • Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf

32. ADAPTATIONRoot Structure • Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots • This is an area of active growth • There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems

33. Root Functions • Anchor plants • Absorb water and minerals • May store carbohydrates (carrots, beets, turnips, radishes) • May store water for dry periods MINERALS ABSORBED BY ROOTS • Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients • Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients • Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants

34. Transport in Plants • Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals by vascular cambium • Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots • Phloem transports nutrients from the leaves to all parts of the plant • Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots

35. Stomata

36. Structure and Function of Stomata • If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens • If water leaves the guard cells, they become soft and the stomata closes

37. Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Reproduction The Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle of the Angiosperms

38. Cladogram-Flowers and Fruit Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

39. SunflowerAngiosperms tiny gametophyte inside bottom of flower rest of plant = sporophyte Sporophyte Dominates

40. Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 • Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness • The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds • These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination

41. Complete and Incomplete Flowers • Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. • Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures • Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil • Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking

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43. Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in Angiosperms • The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube • The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule • The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant

44. Pollen grains • Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind • Removes water requirement for fertilization

45. Fruit • Typically collects sugar to attract animals • Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent with free fertilizer! • Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion)

46. After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit

47. Cladogram-Fruit and Flowers Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Seedless vascular plants Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Green algae

48. Plant Responses Example: Sensitivity to pressure or touch This can be protective for the plant

49. Phototropism Positive Phototropism: the plant is bending toward the sunlight

50. Phototropism • Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction • Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side • The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate • As a result, the plant bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism