Byzantine Empire: Origins, Golden Age, and Legacy

1. 6) OTHER WORLD CULTURES I) Byzantine Empire II) Russia and Eastern Europe III) African Cultures-Pre-European Encounter IV) China V) Japan

2. I. Byzantine Empire • ORIGINS OF THE EMPIRE • - AFTER THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, THE EASTERN HALF BECAME KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE • -THE CAPITAL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE WAS CONSTANTINOPLE (EMPEROR CONSTANTINE) • - CONSTANTINOPLE WAS STRATEGICALLY LOCATED ON A PENINSULA ON THE STRAIT OF BOSPORUS THAT CONNECTED THE BLACK SEA TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA • - FROM THIS LOCATION, CONSTANTINOPLE CONTROLLED KEY TRADES ROUTES THAT LINKED EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA

3. Map of the Byzantine Empire

4. Constantinople

5. I. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Pg.2) B. EMPEROR JUSTINIAN -THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE REACHED THE HEIGHT OF ITS POWER (GOLDEN AGE) DURING REIGN OF EMPEROR JUSTINIAN ( 527 TO 565 CE) - THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE CONTROLLED LANDS FROM SPAIN THROUGH SOUTHERN EUROPE AND ASIA MINOR DOWN TO EGYPT AND ACROSS NORTHERN AFRICA - MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENT - THE JUSTINIAN CODE- INCLUDED THE LAWS OF ANCIENT ROME, CIVIL LAWS AND LEGAL WRITINGS - BECAME THE BASIS OF LAW FOR THE ROMAN CHURCH AND MANY WESTERN EUROPEAN KINGDOMS ( WRITTEN LAW CODE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE)

6. Emperor Justinian

7. Justinian’s Code

8. I. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Pg.3) C. THE ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH -DIVISIONS GREW BETWEEN THE CHURCH IN ROME AND THE BYZANTINE CHURCH -JUSTINIAN DID NOT RECOGNIZE THE POPE AS THE LEADER OF THE CHURCH -JUSTINIAN BELIEVED THAT AS AN ABSOLUTE RULER, HE WAS ALSO IN CHARGE OF THE CHURCH -OTHER DIFFERENCES FURTHERED THE SPLIT BETWEEN THE TWO - BYZANTINE PRIESTS CAN MARRY - GREEK INSTEAD OF LATIN WAS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH -IN 1054 CE, THERE WAS A PERMANENT SPLIT OR SCHISM BETWEEN THE BYZANTINE AND ROMAN CHURCHES (GREAT SCHISM) -THE BYZANTINE CHURCH BECAME KNOWN AS THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH -HAGIA SOPHIA- CONSTRUCTED IN 532 CE, FOCAL POINT OF THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH ( IN 1453 TURNED IN A MUSLIM MOSQUE WHEN THE TURKS TOOK CONTROL OF THE REGION)

9. Orthodox Christian Church

10. Hagia Sophia

11. I. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Pg.4) D. PRESERVATION OF GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE - Symbol of Rome and Greek culture long after the empires died out - Preserved Roman and Greek style of art and architecture - Scholars preserved Greek and Roman philosophy, law ancient texts

12. Preservation of Greco-Roman Culture

13. I. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Pg.5) E. Byzantine Art and Architecture - Byzantine art mainly focused on Christian themes - Artists focused on creating icons, or holy images of Jesus and other religious figures -Artists also created mosaics, or pictures and designs formed by inlaid pieces of stone or other materials - Byzantine art adorned the interiors of Orthodox Churches

14. Byzantine Mosaic Byzantine Icons

15. I. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Pg.6) F. Decline of the Byzantine Empire - Eventually, civil wars erupted over who would become emperor - In the late 1000s, the Seljuk Turks took over Byzantine lands in the Middle East and Southern Asia Minor - In the 1400s, another group, the Ottoman Turks invaded Northern Asia Minor and pushed toward Constantinople - In 1453 CE, the Ottoman Turks defeated Constantinople and renamed the city, Istanbul. - The fall of Constantinople signaled the end of the Byzantine Empire - However, Byzantine culture continued to influence Western and Eastern Europe

16. II. Russia and Eastern Europe • ORIGINS -ESTABLISHED IN THE 800S CE AROUND THE CITY OF KIEV - KIEV BECAME A TRADING POWER IN EASTERN EUROPE -KIEV WAS LOCATED ON THE DNIEPER RIVER WHICH FLOWED INTO THE BLACK SEA THAT LED TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA -KIEV TRADED EXTENSIVELY WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

18. II. Russia and Eastern Europe (Pg.2) B. CULTURAL DIFFUSION -DUE TO CONSTANT CONTACT WITH THE BYZANTINES THROUGH TRADE, THE RUSSIANS ADOPTED MANY ASPECTS OF THE BYZANTINE CULTURE -ADOPTED THE BYZANTINE WRITTEN LANGUAGE (CYRILLIC ALPHABET) -BYZANTINE MISSIONARIES BROUGHT THE EASTERN ORTHODOX RELIGION TO RUSSIA -THE RUSSIAN LEADERS RULED AS ABSOLUTE RULERS, CONTROLLED BOTH THE GOVERNMENT AND CHURCH ( SIMILAR TO THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE)

19. DOUBLE HEADED EAGLE • SYMBOL TAKEN FROM THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE • -REPRESENTS CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CHURCH

20. CYRILLIC ALPHABET

21. Russian Culture

22. II. Russia and Eastern Europe (Pg.2) C. PROBLEMS FOR THE RUSSIANS - FROM 1050CE -1200 CE, RUSSIA WENT THROUGH A SERIES OF CIVIL WARS DUE TO INFIGHTING OVER THE THRONE BY VARIOUS RULING PRINCES. -DUE TO THE INFIGHTING, FIERCE MONGOL ARMIES BEGAN TO INVADE RUSSIA -IN 1240 CE, MONGOL ARMIES CAPTURED AND DESTROYED THE CITY OF KIEV -THE MONGOLS RULED RUSSIA FOR 250 YEARS -DURING THIS TIME, RUSSIA WAS COMPLETELY CUT OFF FROM WESTERN EUROPE

23. II. Russia and Eastern Europe (Pg.3) D. RISE OF MOSCOW -CITY IN NORTHERN RUSSIA - BECAME POWERFUL AS MONGOL RULE STARTED TO DECLINE IN RUSSIA -REPLACED KIEV AS THE TRADING POWER OF RUSSIA -RUSSIA BECAME UNITED AND ENDED MONGOL RULE UNDER THE CONTROL OF IVAN III -IVAN III- FATHER OF MODERN RUSSIA (1462-1505 CE) (IVAN THE GREAT) -ADOPTED THE TITLE CZAR, RUSSIAN TITLE FOR LEADER (CAESAR-ROMANS) -LATER, IVAN IV TOOK CONTROL FROM 1533-1584 CE -RUTHLESS LEADER THAT KILLED HUNDREDS OF NOBLES BECAUSE THEY DISOBEYED HIM -KNOWN AS IVAN THE TERRIBLE

24. IVAN III IVAN IV THE GREAT THE TERRIBLE

25. II. Russia and Eastern Europe (Pg.4) E. RENEWED CONTACT WITH THE WEST -IN THE 1500S, RUSSIAN RULERS RENEWED THEIR CONTACT WITH THE WEST -RUSSIA ADOPTED MANY WESTERN EUROPEAN CUSTOMS CENTURIES LATER - THIS POLICY OF WESTERNIZATION, OR ADOPTION OF WESTERN CUSTOMS AND IDEAS BY RUSSIA CONTINUED UNDER THE RULE OF PETER THE GREAT. (1682-1725)

26. PETER THE GREAT

27. III. AFRICA • Geography -THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA IS THE 2ND LARGEST CONTINENT IN THE WORLD. - MUCH OF CENTRAL AFRICA IS A HIGH PLATEAU THAT DROPS INTO NARROW COASTAL PLAINS - RIVERS FROM THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA DROP STEEPLY INTO THE COASTAL PLAINS CUTTING OFF THE INTERIOR FROM THE COAST - THE NILE, NIGER, CONGO AND ZAMBEZI RIVERS PROVIDED EXCELLENT TRANSPORTATION IN THE INTERIOR - THE SILT FROM THESE RIVERS CREATED FERTILE FARMLAND REGIONS - DUE TO ITS VAST SIZE, AFRICA INCLUDES VARIED CLIMATES AND TERRAIN.

28. Physical Map

29. Climate Zones of Africa • 1) Rain Forest Region • - areas in Green/Blue • Savanna Region • - areas in green • Desert Region • - areas in tan • 4) Mediterranean Region • - areas in green/blue

30. III. AFRICA (Pg.2) 1) RAINFOREST REGION - LOCATED ALONG THE EQUATOR, WHERE THE HEAVIEST RAINFALL OCCURS - MAKES UP ABOUT 8% OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT - AMPLE MOISTURE AND WARM TEMPERATURES SUPPORT RICH PLANT GROWTH - HOWEVER, CANNOT SUPPORT FARMLAND BECAUSE HEAVY RAINS WASH OUT SOIL NUTRIENTS - DAMP CLIMATE SUPPORTS DISEASE-CARRYING INSECTS - CANNOT RAISE CATTLE IN REGION DUE TO INFECTION FROM INSECTS

31. III. AFRICA (Pg.3) 2) SAVANNA REGION - GRASSY PLAINS REGION THAT STRETCHES ACROSS AFRICA NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE RAIN FOREST REGION - REGION COVERS ABOUT HALF THE CONTINENT - THIS AREA GENERALLY HAS GOOD SOIL AND ENOUGH RAIN TO SUPPORT FARMING - HOWEVER, UNRELIABLE RAINFALL AMOUNTS CAN PRODUCE FLOODING OR DROUGHTS

32. III. AFRICA (Pg. 4) 3) DESERT REGION - DRY, BARREN LAND THAT COVERS ABOUT 40 PERCENT OF AFRICA ( VERY LITTLE RAINFALL AND HOT TEMPERATURES) - THE SAHARA IN NORTH AFRICA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST DESERT WITH EXTREMELY HOT TEMPERATURES DURING THE DAY AND LITTLE VEGETATION. -THE KALAHARI AND NAMIB DESERTS ARE LOCATED IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

33. III. AFRICA (Pg.5) 4) MEDITERRANEAN REGION - SMALLEST CLIMATE REGION IN AFRICA - LOCATED ON THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TIPS OF AFRICA - MILD TEMPERATURES AND STABLE RAINFALL AMOUNTS PRODUCE PERFECT CLIMATE FOR GROWING CROPS

34. III. AFRICA (Pg.6) B. TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES AND CULTURE - IN MOST TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITIES, POWER WAS SHARED AMONG MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY RATHER THAN A SINGLE LEADER. -WITHIN A VILLAGE, VILLAGE ELDERS OR OTHER RESPECTED PEOPLE GATHERED FOR OPEN DISCUSSIONS BEFORE A GENERAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED. - LIKE MANY OTHER ANCIENT PEOPLES, EARLY AFRICANS IDENTIFIED THE FORCES OF NATURE WITH DIVINE SPIRITS (ANIMISM) COMBINED WITH ANCESTOR WORSHIP -IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA, MOST FAMILIES WERE GROUPED IN EXTENDED FAMILIES AND FORMED CLANS. -COMMUNITY VALUES WERE GREATLY ENHANCED THROUGH IDENTIFICATION WITH A PARTICULAR CLAN.

35. Traditional African Villages

36. African Art

37. III. Africa (Pg.7) C. BANTU MIGRATIONS -AFTER THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, SMALL GROUPS OF BANTU-SPEAKING PEOPLE MOVED FROM THE GRASSY PLAINS OF CENTRAL AFRICA TO SOUTHEAST AFRICA -DURING THEIR MIGRATION, THEY SPREAD THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE -THE BANTU TRIBES WERE NOMADIC HERDERS AND FARMERS THAT PRACTICED SLASH AND BURN FARMING DEFINITION- FARMING TECHNIQUE WHERE PATCHES OF LAND ARE BURNED AND THEIR ASHES ARE MIXED WITH SOIL TO CREATE A FERTILE GARDEN AREA -ONCE THE LAND LOST ITS FERTILITY, THE BANTU TRIBES WOULD MOVE TO ANOTHER AREA

39. III. AFRICA (Pg.8) D. AFRICAN KINGDOMS -IN WEST AFRICA, POWERFUL KINGDOMS BEGAN TO EVOLVE DUE THE IMPORTANT TRADE NETWORKS OF GOLD AND SALT. -PEOPLE NEEDED SALT IN THEIR DIETS TO PREVENT DEHYDRATION IN THE HOT CLIMATE. -THERE WAS PLENTY OF SALT IN THE SAHARA DESERT, BUT THERE WERE VERY LITTLE IN THE SAVANNAH REGION. - THE PEOPLE OF SAVANNAH REGION BEGAN TO TRADE THE PLENTIFUL GOLD OF THEIR REGION TO OBTAIN SALT FROM THE SAHARA REGION.

40. III. AFRICA (Pg.8) -STRONG AFRICAN RULERS CREATED POWERFUL KINGDOMS BY GAINING CONTROL OVER THE PROFITABLE TRADE ROUTES. -THREE TRADING KINGDOMS OF WEST AFRICA WERE GHANA, MALI AND SONGHAI. -THE TRADING KINGDOMS OF KUSH AND AXUM THRIVED IN EAST AFRICA AS A RESULT OF THE WEALTHY TRADE WITH THE MIDDLE EAST, INDIA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD.

42. AFRICA (Pg. 10) E. WEST AFRICAN KINGDOMS • GHANA -AROUND 800 CE, THE RULERS OF MANY FARMING VILLAGES IN WEST AFRICA UNITED TO CREATE THE KINGDOM OF GHANA. -INCOME FROM THE GOLD/SALT TRADE ALLOWED THE KINGDOM TO MAINTAIN A LARGE ARMY TO PROTECT THEIR TRADE ROUTES. - MUSLIM MERCHANTS FROM THE MIDDLE EAST BROUGHT ISLAM TO THE REGION. - CARAVANS- GROUPS OF MERCHANTS THAT TRAVELED ACROSS THE SAHARA FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO WEST AFRICA -GHANA ALSO ADOPTED MANY MUSLIM MILITARY TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR STYLE OF WRITING AND ARCHITECTURE.

43. Africa (Pg. 10) 2. MALI -AFTER THE KINGDOM OF GHANA DECLINED, THE KINGDOM OF MALI GAINED CONTROL OF THE PROFITABLE TRADE ROUTES. -UNDER THEIR RULER, MANSA MUSA, MALI EXTENDED ITS BORDERS AND DOMINATED WEST AFRICA. -MANSA MUSA’S LARGE ARMY KEPT ORDER IN THE KINGDOM AND PROTECTED THEIR TRADE ROUTES. -MANSA MUSA IS BEST KNOWN FOR CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND BASED HIS SYSTEM OF JUSTICE ON THE QURAN. -THE ALSO MADE THE CITY OF TIMBUKTU THE CENTER OF MUSLIM LEARNING IN WEST AFRICA. - IBN BATTUTA - NORTH AFRICAN TRAVELER AND HISTORIAN, TRAVELED ACROSS WEST AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST FOR 27 YEARS, HELP BRING THE ARABIC CULTURE TO WEST AND NORTH AFRICA

44. Timbuktu

47. VOYAGES OF IBN BATTUTA

49. AFRICA (Pg.11) 3. SONGHAI -AFTER THE DECLINE OF GHANA AND MALI, THE KINGDOM OF SONGHAI TOOK CONTROL OF THE PROFITABLE TRADE ROUTES IN WEST AFRICA. -THE EMPEROR SUNNI ALI BUILT SONGHAI INTO THE LARGEST KINGDOM THAT EVER EXISTED IN WEST AFRICA. -THE KINGDOM ALSO EXTENDED ITS TRADE ROUTES TO EUROPE AND ASIA.