Ch. 4 continued

1. Ch. 4 continued Soil Properties

2. Soil Color Munsell Color system: Hue value/chroma  color lightness/brightness Ex: 10YR 5/6 is Lighter than 10YR 3/6; and brighter than 10YR 5/2

3. Causes or sources of color in soil • Humus or decomposed organic matter  black • Wet soils are darker than dry soils • Oxidized Fe oxides (Fe+3) are redder and brighter than reduced Fe minerals (Fe+2)  gleyed • Carbonates, gypsum, salts  white masses or nodules in soil and overall lighter values • Mn oxides  black; usually associated with red Fe oxides • Other minerals  yellow, green, white, etc…

4. Color as indicator of environment • Bright colors indicate oxidized (aerobic or oxygen-rich) environment • Dull, grayed or bluish colors indicate reduced (anaerobic or water-logged) environment • Pale yellow jarosite indicates oxidized (and now acidified) sulfidic soils

5. Soil Texture(proportion of different-sized particles)

6. Master VariableBecause it affects so many other soil properties and variables Basic Soil Property Because it is not readily subject to change

7. “coarse fraction (> 2-mm)” “fine earth fraction (< 2-mm)” Soil Separates Figure 4.1, page 96, Brady and Weil, 2004

8. What does particle size tell us about mineralogy? size • Sand and silt contain primary minerals such as quartz & feldspars • Clay is dominated by secondary minerals, formed from the weathering of primary minerals

9. Sand and silt are largely chemically inert, while clay is chemically active (charged) • Mainly because of size, shape, and chemical characteristics of clay Cations (+) stick to clay particles because of negative charges on the clay

10. Heavy or Light Soils These terms actually refer to texture, not weight • A heavy soil is a clayey soil • called ‘heavy’ because of the soil's ability to retain moisture and the difficulty in working the soil (and it’s heavy after rain or irrigation) • A lightsoil is a sandy soil • called ‘light’ because it is usually easy to work in the field and drains quickly • Actually, a clayey soil weighs less than a sandy soil when dry

11. Original Cube= 8cm x 8cm x 8cm 8cm 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 Calculate: (1) total surface area of original cube (uncut) and (2) total surface area after cutting it into smaller cube of the given sizes 8cm 4 cm x 4cm x 4cm 8cm

12. Specific surface area 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Each cube is 2 cm on each side, the same mass of material would now be present as 64 smaller cubes Surface area for one face of a small cube = 2 x 2 = 4 cm2 Surface area for each cube (6 faces, 4 cm2 per face) = 6 x 4 = 24 cm2 Total surface area (64 cubes, 24 cm2 per cube) = 64 x 24 = 1536 cm2 Surface area for each face (8 x 8) = 64 cm2 A cube has six faces Total surface area (6 faces 64 cm2 per face) = 6 x 64 = 384 cm2

13. Clay vs Silt vs Sand: • The surface area to volume ratio greatly increases as the particle size decreases and the shape changes from rounded to plate like • As the surface area increases, so does the ability to adsorb compounds and interact with the soil solution: more chemical reactions, more biological interactions, more surface for water to cling to

14. How particle size affects soil properties Specific surface area CEC Sorption capacity Stickiness Plasticity Cohesion Bulk density Porosity Water holding cap. Colloidal Clay Silt Sand clay

15. How particle size affects soil properties

16. Soil Texture • Texture influences most other soil properties • Soil texture does not change in nature over a short period of time • Adding organic matter may improve characteristics of soils but not change texture • Large quantities of sand, silt, or clay must be added and thoroughly mixed before the texture significantly changes • Mixing media for potting soil, golf greens, etc. is generally the only time when textural modification is economically feasible